Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
Chapter 6: Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Geert Hofstede studied more than 100,000 employees of which multinational in 40
countries?
A. McDonald’s
B. Coca Cola
C. IBM
D. Nike
2. Which is the dimension that Hofstede added in a 2010 follow-up to his earlier
studies?
A. masculinity–femininity
B. power distance
C. long-term versus short-term orientation to life
D. indulgence versus self-restraint
3. Which dimension does Young Yun Kim characterize as topping the list of theories
guiding cross-cultural research in communication, psychology, and anthropology?
A. Confucian dynamism
B. individualism–collectivism
C. masculinity–femininity
D. power distance
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
4. According to Hofstede, in which type of culture does the interest of the group prevail
over the interest of the individual?
A. individualistic
B. masculine
C. collectivistic
D. feminine
5. According to Hofstede, in which type of culture are overlapping social roles for the
sexes permitted?
A. individualistic
B. masculine
C. collectivistic
D. feminine
Difficulty Level: Medium
6.______ is related to the direct style of communication.
A. Femininity
B. Masculinity
C. Collectivism
D. Individualism
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
7. Cultures labeled as ______ strive for maximal distinction between what women and
men are expected to do.
A. feminine
B. masculine
C. collectivistic
D. individualistic
8. A country ranking ______ in power distance means that power is more equally
distributed in that society.
A. high
B. low
C. medium
D. absolute zero
9. Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are ______.
A. active
B. contemplative
C. both active and contemplative
D. neither active nor contemplative
10. Long-term orientation encourages ______.
A. thrift
B. spending
C. both thrift and spending
D. neither thrift nor spending
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
11. Indulgent cultures have ______.
A. a higher percentage of very happy people than restrained cultures
B. the same percentage of very happy people as restrained cultures
C. a lower percentage of very happy people than restrained cultures
D. shown that there is no connection between the indulgence vs. restraint dimension
and happiness
12. Confucian work dynamism or long-term versus short-term orientation includes
______.
A. a sense of shame and ordering relationships
B. tonal languages
C. unstructured situations and compulsive behavior
D. vocal animation
13. A country high in Confucian work dynamism (indicating a long-term orientation) is
______.
A. Canada
B. Great Britain
C. Pakistan
D. South Korea
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
14. A country high on the Environmental Sustainability Index (indicating high
performance in environmental protection) is ______.
A. China
B. Saudi Arabia
C. Sweden
D. United Kingdom
15. The following are all criticisms of Hofstede’s research EXCEPT ______.
A. he identified too many dimensions to define cultures
B. it is based on a too small sample
C. nations are not the best unit for studying cultures
D. the data are old and outdated
16. The Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner dimension of ______ seems to be virtually
identical to Hofstede’s collectivism–individualism.
A. collectivism–individualism
B. communitarianism–independence
C. communitarianism–individualism
D. collectivism–independence
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
17. In comparison to the United States, the population of Japan is about what
percentage of the U.S. population?
A. 40%
B. 66%
C. 100%
D. 200%
18. In comparison to the United States, Japan’s land area is about what percentage of
the U.S. land area?
A. 4%
B. 10%
C. 33%
D. 50%
19. Which of the following is true of Japan?
A. It is 75% Japanese.
B. It is one of the most heterogeneous cultures in the world.
C. All of its schools have the same curriculum.
D. It has a comparatively young population.
20. What or who are gaijin?
A. a fish popular in Japanese diets
B. children
C. indigenous peoples of Japan
D. outsiders
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. Geert Hofstede‘s study identified value dimensions across which cultures vary.
2. Young Yun Kim characterizes masculinity versus femininity as topping the list of
theories guiding cross-cultural research in communication.
3. The individualist cultures of North America, Australia, and New Zealand were largely
populated by migrants who were sufficiently individualist themselves to leave their
4. Individualism is associated with an indirect style of communication.
5. Hofstede’s research identified Confucian countries as having a collectivist culture.
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. The masculinity versus femininity dimension refers to how people define themselves
and their relationships with others.
7. Cultures with low power distance have power and influence concentrated in the
hands of a few.
8. In low uncertainty avoidance cultures, people are expected to display respect for
those of higher status.
9. As a high Confucian work dynamism culture, Singapore values placing the good of
the society above that of the individual.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
10. Restrained cultures have a lower percentage of very happy people and a common
perception of helplessness.
11. Countries that tend toward egalitarian, individualist, and feminine values are more
likely to support environmental sustainability.
12. Both power distance and femininity are negatively related to the Environmental
Sustainability Index.
13. In particularist cultures, people place importance on laws, rules, values, and
obligations.
14. From their research, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner concluded that people
from diverse cultures differ from one another in seven dimensions.
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. One criticism of Hofstede’s work is that his data are drawn from subsidiaries of only
one company.
16. Homogeneity is important for understanding Japan’s culture and communication.
17. Because it is an island country, Japan was little affected by foreign influence until
the mid-19th century.
18. Japan’s Westernization was criticized by other Asian countries.
19. How baseball is played in Japan reflects the Japanese culture.
Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e
SAGE Publications, 2018
20. Japan’s culture has been characterized by an inability to adapt imported culture and
technology to traditional culture.
Short Answer
1. Geert Hofstede studied more than 100,000 employees of the multinational company
______ in 40 countries.
2. Hofstede was attempting to locate ______ dimensions across which cultures vary.
3. In an ______ culture, people look after themselves and their immediate families.
4. Hofstede’s data revealed four associations with the individualism–collectivism
dimension: ______, geography, birth rates, and history.