Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
52. The ______ leadership theory perspective suggests that followers develop mental representations or
prototypes of leaders through exposure to social situations and interactions with others.
A. trait
B. explicit
C. implicit
D. behavioral
53. Which of the following is NOT one of the six dimensions described as culturally based shared
conceptions of leadership identified by GLOBE research?
A. Team oriented
B. risk-taking
C. participative
D. charismatic/value based
54. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which is the ability to inspire, motivate, and expect high performance from others on the basis of firmly
held core beliefs.
A. team oriented
B. charismatic/value based
C. participative
D. humane oriented
55. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which emphasizes team building and implementation of a common purpose or goal among team
members.
A. team oriented
B. autonomous
C. self-protective
D. charismatic/value based
56. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which reflects the degree to which managers involve others in making and implementing decisions.
A. humane oriented
B. participative
C. team oriented
D. autonomous
57. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which reflects supportive and considerate leadership, including compassion and generosity.
A. humane oriented
B. autonomous
C. charismatic/value based
D. team oriented
58. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which refers to independent and individualistic leadership.
A. humane oriented
B. team oriented
C. autonomous
D. participative
59. One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______,
which focuses on ensuring safety and security of the individual; self-centered, and face-saving.
A. self-protective
B. participative
C. charismatic/value based
D. autonomous
60. Misumi’s ______ theory identifies four types of leadership based on two basic dimensions that are
viewed as functions that a leader needs to fulfill rather than as a specific set of behaviors that a leader
needs to carry out.
A. paternalism
B. performance dimension
C. task oriented
D. performance–maintenance
61. The ______ dimension of Misumi’s performance–maintenance theory of leadership describes
behavior directed toward achieving group goals and includes pressure-type and planning-type behavior.
A. maintenance
B. performance
C. leadership
D. paternalism
62. ______ behavior is described in Misumi’s performance–maintenance theory of leadership as
supervisory behavior regarding strict observance of regulations and pressure for production.
A. Planning-type
B. Supervisory
C. Pressure-type
D. Hierarchical
63. ______ behavior is described in Misumi’s performance–maintenance theory of leadership concern
the planning and processing of work.
A. Planning-type
B. Supervisory
C. Pressure-type
D. Hierarchical
64. The ______ dimension of Misumi’s performance–maintenance theory of leadership relates to
behavior directed at maintaining individual well-being and preserving social relationships in a group.
A. paternalism
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
B. leadership
C. maintenance
D. performance
65. ______ represents the combination of tribal norms and bureaucratic structures that resulted in an
authoritarian and patriarchal approach to leadership in the Arab World.
A. Sheikocracy
B. Hierarchical authority
C. Duality
D. Prophetic leader
66. ______ in the Arab world is characterized by hierarchical authority, subordination of efficacy to
human relations and personal connections, and conformity to rules and regulations based on the
personality and power of those who made them.
A. Hierarchical authority
B. Prophetic leadership
C. Sheikocracy
D. Duality
67. The ______ model of leadership specifies two distinctly different leadership types that can emerge
to fill the leadership vacuum created by the lack of institutionalism prevalent in Arab society.
A. duality
B. caliphal
C. sheikocracy
D. prophetic–caliphal
68. According to the ______ model of leadership, the very existence of the rational bureaucratic
procedures of institutions is undermined by the prevalence of two societal characteristics called
individualism and personalism.
A. sheikocracy
B. prophetic–caliphal
C. caliphal
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
D. duality
69. According to the prophetic–caliphal model of leadership, ______ involves viewing one’s relationship
to others from an egocentric perspective in which one’s own set of needs dominates.
A. individualism
B. personalism
C. prophetic
D. caliphal
70. According to the prophetic–caliphal model of leadership, ______ is the tendency to make decisions
without considering the opinions of others.
A. personalism
B. duality
C. prophetic
D. individualism
71. According to the prophetic–caliphal model of leadership, a ______ leader must use coercion and fear
in order to maintain status as a leader.
A. caliphal
B. duality
C. individualism
D. personalism
72. As a manager, Tobias prefers to make decisions without considering the opinions of others.
According to the prophetic–caliphal model of leadership, this tendency is referred to as ______.
A. personalism
B. individualism
C. duality
D. socialism
73. ______ leadership is based in traditional values of familism, Confucian ideology, and feudalism and is
common in cultures with large power distance, where superior–subordinate relationships are
hierarchical, interdependent, and emotional.
A. Ethical
B. Paternalistic
C. Authentic
D. Servant
74. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of paternalistic leadership?
A. Involvement in nonwork lives of subordinates
B. Creating an all-business atmosphere at work
C. Expecting loyalty from subordinates
D. Establishing close and individualized relationships with subordinates
75. Paternalistic leadership has been associated with positive employee attitudes in collectivistic and
______cultures.
A. large power distance
B. uncertainty avoidance
C. masculine
D. long-term orientation
76. ______ leadership emphasizes an internalized moral perspective on leadership.
A. Servant
B. Authentic
C. Hierarchical
D. Ethical
77. ______ leadership is based on the human motive to bond with others and contribute to the
betterment of society
A. Authentic
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
B. Ethical
C. Servant
D. Ethical
78. Which of the following is NOT a key element in the integrated cross-cultural model of leadership?
A. Worker efficacy
B. Substitutes for leadership
C. Individual and group processes
D. Leader’s image
True or False
1. Motivation is typically described as the willingness of individuals to exert effort toward a goal.
2. The study of work motivation has often been divided into content theories and process theories.
3. McClelland’s content theory of motivation focuses on the three needs of achievement, affiliation, and
activity which vary among individuals.
4. Equity theory recognizes that we all are aware of what we contribute and what we receive in return
from our roles in work and in life, and that we also compare this ratio of our inputs and outcomes with
that of other people.
5. Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is the result of the combination of the expectation that
effort (E) will lead to performance and that this performance will be instrumental (I) in reaching certain
outcomes.
6. Despite the thousands of research articles and books written on this subject, no generally accepted
definition of leadership exists.
7. Two dimensions of leader behavior have been identified as initiating structure (production oriented or
task) and consideration (employee or relationship oriented) behaviors.
8. Process theories of leadership have been concerned with the way in which the sorts of scripts,
schemas, and other cognitive characteristics influence how subordinates perceive and react to a leader
9. In Arab society, a prophetic leader garners feelings of love, unity of purpose, and voluntary submission
to authority by followers.
10. The integrated cross-cultural model of leadership has as its basis a cognitive information processing
approach to leadership.
Completion (Fill in the Blank)
1. ______ is typically described as the willingness of individuals to exert effort toward a goal.
2. ______ theories of motivation explain motivation as the needs that people seek to satisfy.
3. ______ theories of motivation explain the choices that people make about their behavior.
4. ______ recognizes that we all are aware of what we contribute and what we receive in return from
our roles in work and in life, and that we also compare this ratio of our inputs and outcomes with that of
other people.
5. According to ______ theory, Effort = V × I × E.
6. According to ______ theory, goal setting is most effective when there is feedback showing progress
toward the goal.
7. ______ is a person’s sustained motivation to a carry out a course of action or contribute to the well–
being of some other person, group, or organization.
8. ______ theories of leadership began as a search for the personality characteristics possessed by great
leaders.
9. ______ theories of leadership emerged after a change in the assumption that leaders are born to the
notion that leaders could be developed.
10. According to the ______ model of leadership, the very existence of the rational bureaucratic
procedures of institutions is undermined by the prevalence of two societal characteristics called
individualism and personalism.
Essay
1. Describe how culture might affect the application of the main content theories of motivation?
Ans: The majority of cross-cultural research on content theories has focused on higher order needs, such
2. How can culture affect the application of the main process theories of motivation?
Ans: Process theories of motivation have been criticized for depicting the individual as a rational
information processor seeking to maximize personal gain. Although the type of rational processing
3. Describe how cultural variations in job design motivate.
4. Describe the main points of the integrated cross-cultural model of leadership?
Ans: The three key elements of the theory—leader’s image, individual and group processes, and
substitutes for leadership—are all affected by cultural variation. Culture is considered an all-
encompassing or enveloping influence on leadership processes. The interpersonal interactions between
5. What conclusions can you draw from the cross-cultural model of leadership and the empirical
evidence about leadership and leadership theories presented in Chapter 7?