Test Bank
Chapter 3: Comparing Cultures: Systematically Describing Cultural
Differences
Multiple Choice
1. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. The problem ______
addresses whether people have a need-duty to control or master nature (domination), to submit to
nature (subjugation), or to work together with nature to maintain harmony and balance (harmony).
A. beliefs about human nature
B. nature of human activity
C. relationships among people
D. relationships to nature
2. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. In ______, the problem
whether people are inherently good, evil, or a mixture of good and evil is addressed.
A. nature of human activity
B. conception of space
C. beliefs about human nature
D. relationships to nature
3. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. In ______, the problem
whether the greatest concern and responsibility is individualist, collateral, or hierarchical is addressed.
A. relationships among people
B. relationships to nature
C. beliefs about human nature
D. nature of human activity
4. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. In the problem ______,
people should concentrate on being, achieving, or thinking.
A. Beliefs about human nature
B. Nature of human activity
C. Relationships to nature
D. conception of space
5. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. The problem ______
addresses whether the physical space we use is private or public or a mixture of public and private.
A. relationships among people
B. nature of human activity
C. conception of space
D. beliefs about human nature
6. There are six problems for which societies need to find cultural solutions. The problem ______
addresses whether people should make decisions with respect to traditions or events in the past,
present, or future.
A. conception of space
B. orientation to time
C. relationships among people
D. beliefs about human nature
7. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions from Hofstede’s study of work values?
A. Individualism–collectivism
B. Cultural orientation
C. Power distance
D. Uncertainty avoidance
8. In Hofstede’s study of work values, ______ is the extent to which the self–identity of a society’s
members depends on individual characteristics or the characteristics of the groups to which the
individual belongs on a permanent basis.
A. individualism–collectivism
B. masculinity–femininity
C. power distance
D. uncertainty avoidance
9. Dylan’s office is small and has no window. In contrast, his boss has a large corner office with a
beautiful view of the city. Dylan accepts that his boss has better office because his boss is higher in the
hierarchy than Dylan is. This type of acceptance by Dylan is similar to how some societies accept ______,
a dimension in Hofstede’s study of work values.
A. individualism–collectivism
B. masculinity–femininity
C. power distance
D. uncertainty avoidance
10. In Hofstede’s study of work values, ______ is the extent to which societies focus on ways to reduce
uncertainty and create stability.
A. individualism–collectivism
B. masculinity–femininity
C. power distance
D. uncertainty avoidance
11. A country in which traditional male orientations of ambition, acquisition, and achievement are
emphasized over traditional female orientations of nurturance and interpersonal harmony would be
considered high on ______, a dimension in Hofstede’s study of work values.
A. individualism–collectivism
B. masculinity–femininity
C. power distance
D. uncertainty avoidance
12. ______ is a set of values that place low importance on service to others and high importance on
thrift and perseverance.
A. Individualism–collectivism
B. Masculinity–femininity
C. Long-term orientation
D. Uncertainty avoidance
13. A country in which a relatively large proportion of citizens say that they are very happy, believe that
they are in control of their lives, and place a very high importance on leisure would likely be considered
high on the ______ dimension of Hofstede’s study of work values.
A. indulgent
B. individualistic
C. long-term orientation
D. restrained
14. Which of the following is NOT one of the three universal human requirements identified in the
Schwartz Value Survey regarding the nature of the relationship between the individual and the group.
A. relationship of people to the natural world
B. power distances between individuals
C. nature of the relationship between the individual and the group
D. preservation of the society itself
15. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to the criteria that people use to evaluate events and select courses of action.
A. intellectual autonomy
B. content of values
C. harmony
D. egalitarianism
16. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to the recognition of people as moral equals.
A. egalitarianism
B. harmony
C. intellectual autonomy
D. content of values
17. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to fitting in harmoniously with the environment.
A. harmony
B. egalitarianism
C. affective autonomy
D. content of values
18. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to people as embedded in the collective.
A. embeddedness
B. intellectual autonomy
C. egalitarianism
D. content of values
19. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to the unequal distribution of power as legitimate.
A. affective autonomy
B. intellectual autonomy
C. hierarchy
D. content of values
20. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to exploitation of the natural or social environment.
A. affective autonomy
B. mastery
C. egalitarianism
D. content of values
21. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to the pursuit of positive experiences.
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
A. content of values
B. affective autonomy
C. intellectual autonomy
D. mastery
22. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to independent pursuit of one’s own ideas.
A. intellectual autonomy
B. egalitarianism
C. content of values
D. affective autonomy
23. In the United States, there is a cultural belief that what is true and good can be discovered and
applied universally. The United States would likely score high on ______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of
value orientations.
A. activation
B. diffusion
C. particularism
D. universalism
24. In the China, there is a cultural belief that unique circumstances determine what is right or good.
China would likely score high on ______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. activation
B. diffusion
C. particularism
D. universalism
25. In the United States, there is a cultural belief by many that individuals should consider how their
actions will benefit themselves versus how actions may impact the group. The United States would likely
score high on ______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. activation
B. individualism–collectivism
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
C. diffusion
D. neutrality
26. In the United Kingdom, there is a cultural belief that emotion should be held in check and that
maintaining an appearance of self-control is important. The United Kingdom would likely score high on
______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. neutral
B. diffuse
C. affective
D. individualist–collectivist
27. In Spain, there is a cultural belief that it is natural to express emotions. Spain would likely score high
on ______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. neutral
B. diffuse
C. affective
D. specific
28. In Germany, many people separate the private part of their lives from the public. Germany would
likely score high on ______ in Trompenaars‘ dimensions of value orientations.
A. diffuse
B. affective
C. specific
D. neutral
29. In India, the culture allows private and public aspects of the individual overlap. India would likely
score high on ______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. diffuse
B. affective
C. specific
D. neutral
30. In France, it is common for status to be based on who a person is. France would likely score high on
______ in Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations.
A. achievement
B. ascription
C. neutral
D. diffuse
31. According to Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations, in a(n) ______ society, status is based
on what a person does.
A. achievement
B. ascription
C. diffuse
D. neutral
32. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which
organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of
resources and collective action.
A. performance orientation
B. assertiveness
C. institutional collectivism
D. in-group collectivism
33. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which
individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.
A. assertiveness
B. in-group collectivism
C. humane orientation
D. institutional collectivism
34. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which members
of a collective expect power to be distributed equally.
A. in-group collectivism
B. power distance
C. performance orientation
D. institutional collectivism
35. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, the extent to which a society,
organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate unpredictability of
future events.
A. uncertainty avoidance
B. humane orientation
C. institutional collectivism
D. in-group collectivism
36. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations includes ______, which is the degree to which a
collective minimizes gender inequality.
A. performance orientation
B. institutional collectivism
C. gender egalitarianism
D. institutional collectivism
37. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which
individuals are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their relationships with others.
A. assertiveness
B. performance orientation
C. institutional collectivism
D. in-group collectivism
38. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which a
collective encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to
others.
A. humane orientation
B. institutional collectivism
C. in-group collectivism
D. assertiveness
39. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the extent to which individuals
engage in future-oriented behaviors, such as delayed gratification, planning, and investing in the future.
A. future orientation
B. performance orientation
C. institutional collectivism
D. humane orientation
40. The GLOBE dimensions of value orientations include ______, which is the degree to which a
collective encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence.
A. institutional collectivism
B. performance orientation
C. in-group collectivism
D. institutional collectivism
41. ______ are the most useful and frequently studied dimensions of cultural variation in explaining a
diverse array of social behavior.
A. Social axioms
B. Individualism and collectivism
C. Cognitive structures
D. Role structure
42. As a societal characteristic, ______ refers to the tendency to view each person as independent of
others and to be more concerned about the consequences of a person’s actions for that person alone.
A. individualism
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
B. axioms
C. differing
D. average
43. As a societal characteristic, ______ refers to the tendency of a society to view people as
interdependent with selected others who are part of stable groups, such as a kinship group.
A. collectivism
B. individualism
C. intranational
D. differing
44. At the societal level, ______ may imply that a person has connections to a group from the time of
their birth.
A. axioms
B. collectivism
C. differing
D. externality
45. When referring to the cultural orientation of a person, term such as ______ mean someone whose
way of thinking or cognitive structures reflect deep experience and understanding of the norms and
social pressures to conform to these norms in an individualistic society.
A. differing
B. cognitive
C. individualist
D. complexity
46. ______ refers to the extent to which members of a culture agree about what is correct behavior,
believe they must behave exactly according to cultural norms, and believe they will receive or should
give severe criticism for even small deviations from cultural norms.
A. Complexity
B. Tightness
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
C. Differing
D. Vertical
47. Cultural ______ refers to the amount of differentiation in the various domains of individuals’ lives.
A. axioms
B. complexity
C. differing
D. externality
48. ______ collective societies view their members as parts of an in-group, but members of the in-group
differ in terms of status, and different in-groups are also likely to have varying status.
A. Differing
B. Vertically
C. Complex
D. Intranational
49. In ______ individualistic societies, the self is autonomous and people are generally equal.
A. vertical
B. horizontal
C. external
D. collective
50. ______ are basic truths or premises or generalized expectancies that relate to a wide range of social
behaviors across different contexts.
A. Cognitive structures
B. Social axioms
C. Cultural dimensions
D. Dynamic externality
51. At the cultural level of social axioms, ______ represents a cluster of beliefs that focus around
religiosity and a belief that effort would ultimately lead to justice.
A. role structures
B. differing
C. dynamic externality
D. averaging
52. At the cultural level of social axioms, ______ represents a negative view of human nature, a biased
view against some groups of people, a mistrust of social institutions, and a disregard of ethical means of
achieving an end.
A. differing
B. tightness
C. social cynicism
D. complexity
True or False
1. Hofstede’s first four dimensions of work values were named individualism–collectivism, power
distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity–femininity.
2. In the Schwartz Value Survey, the content of values dimension refers to recognition of people as
moral equal.
3. According to Trompenaars‘ dimensions, in neutral cultures emotion should be held in check and
maintaining an appearance of self-control.
4. According to Trompenaars‘ dimensions, in diffuse cultures individuals separate the private part of
their lives from the public.
5. GLOBE dimensions include in-group collectivism which is the degree to which individuals express
pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.
6. GLOBE dimensions include individualism which refers to how much members of a collective expect
power to be distributed equally.
7. Individualism and collectivism are perhaps the most useful and most frequently studied dimensions of
cultural variation in explaining a diverse array of social behavior.
8. Tightness refers to the extent to which members of a culture agree about what is correct behavior,
believe they must behave exactly according to cultural norms, and believe they will receive or should
give severe criticism for even small deviations from cultural norms.
9. Cultural specificity refers to the amount of differentiation in the various domains of individuals‘ lives.
10. Vertically collective societies view their members as parts of an in-group, but members of the in-
group differ in terms of status, and different in-groups are also likely to have varying status.
11. In vertically individualistic societies, the self is autonomous and people are generally equal.
12. One of the benefits of quantitative measures of cultural dimensions is the ability to construct
indexes of cultural distance between countries.
13. One of the important limitations to models of cultural values is that they generally are not
Short Answer
1. What are the first four work values identified by Hofstede?
2. In Hofstede’s study of work values, ______ is the extent to which the self-identity of a society’s
members depends on individual characteristics or the characteristics of the groups to which the
individual belongs on a permanent basis.
3. In Hofstede’s study of work values, ______ refers to the extent that power differences are accepted
and sanctioned in a society.
4. What are the three universal human requirements identified in the Schwartz Value Survey as to the
nature of the relationship between the individual and the group?
Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
5. In the Schwartz Value Survey about the content and structure of human values, the value orientation
of ______ refers to the pursuit of positive experiences.
6. In Trompenaars’ dimensions of value orientations, ______ is a belief that what is true and good can
be discovered and applied universally, while ______ is a belief that unique circumstances determine
what is right or good.
7. According to Trompenaars‘ dimensions of value orientations, in a(n) ______ society, status is based
on who a person is and in in a(n) ______ society, status is based on what a person does.
Essay
1. Discuss three of the six problems in that Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck framework of problems for which
societies need to find cultural solutions.
Ans: An answer should address three of the following:
• Relationships to nature: People have a need-duty to control or master nature (domination), to
submit to nature (subjugation), or to work together with nature to maintain harmony and
balance (harmony).
2. Discuss Hofstede’s work on work values. Be sure to include the first four dimensions identified as well
as the two that were added later.
3. Describe the seven value orientations identified in the Schwartz Value Survey on content and
structure of human values.
Ans:
• Egalitarianism: recognition of people as moral equals
4. Discuss the five dimensions of Trompenaars values study that concerned relationships among people.
Ans:
1. Universalism–particularism: Universalism is a belief that what is true and good can be
discovered and applied universally, whereas particularism is a belief that unique circumstances
determine what is right or good.
5. Describe the dimensions identified in the GLOBE study and how those dimensions relate to the
Hofstede study.
Ans:
The first four GLOBE dimensions are described as direct extensions of Hofstede’s work, with the
exception that GLOBE proposes two dimensions of collectivism. Also, even though GLOBE uses the label
GLOBE dimensions are
• Institutional collectivism: The degree to which organizational and societal institutional
practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action
• In-group collectivism: The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and
cohesiveness in their organizations or families