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1. Arguments are composed of three elements: claims, evidence, and reasoning.
A) True
B) False
2. An argument is a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue.
A) True
B) False
3. Supporting material that provides grounds for belief in a claim is called evidence.
A) True
B) False
4. A warrant declares a speaker’s conclusion about some state of affairs.
A) True
B) False
5. Speculative claims focus on conditions that actually exist or have existed in the past.
A) True
B) False
6. Claims of value address issues of judgment and attempt to show that something is right or
wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy.
A) True
B) False
7. Claims of policy recommend that a specific course of action be taken.
A) True
B) False
8. Claims of policy generally contain the word should and speak to an “ought” condition.
A) True
B) False
9. A claim of value consists of a need or a problem, a solution, and evidence of the
solution’s feasibility.
A) True
B) False
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10. The speaker’s own knowledge, opinions, and expertise should never be used as evidence.
A) True
B) False
11. External evidence can be thought of as supporting material.
A) True
B) False
12. Narratives, testimony, and facts drawn from an outside source are examples of external
evidence.
A) True
B) False
13. More often than not, motivational warrants are stated outright rather than implied.
A) True
B) False
14. The success or failure of authoritative warrants rests on how highly the audience regards
the authority figure.
A) True
B) False
15. Substantive warrants operate on the basis of an audience’s beliefs about the reliability of
factual evidence.
A) True
B) False
16. The two types of substantive warrants that occur most commonly in speeches are
causation and analogy.
A) True
B) False
17. Warrants by cause compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is
true in the other.
A) True
B) False
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18. Stating that “Universal health care works in Canada, so it would work in the United
States” is an example of a warrant by analogy.
A) True
B) False
19. In a two-sided message, a speaker will mention opposing points of view and sometimes
attempt to refute them.
A) True
B) False
20. If the audience is aware of counterarguments and the speaker raises and refutes them, the
speaker risks losing credibility with the audience.
A) True
B) False
21. A logical fallacy is either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of
reasoning.
A) True
B) False
22. Using a circular thought pattern, begging the question is a fallacy in which an argument
is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been
presented.
A) True
B) False
23. “All my friends have tattoos, so I should have one, too” is an example of begging the
question.
A) True
B) False
24. A speaker who relies on the bandwagoning fallacy poses arguments that use general
opinions as their bases.
A) True
B) False
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25. The either-or fallacy poses an argument stated in terms of only two alternatives.
A) True
B) False
26. Ad hominem arguments attack the person’s argument rather than the person making the
argument.
A) True
B) False
27. Slippery slope arguments make faulty assumptions that one case will lead to a series of
events or actions.
A) True
B) False
28. An argument consists of
A) a claim, opinions, and a conclusion.
B) a claim, evidence, and warrants.
C) a claim, fallacies, and opinions.
D) a claim, warrants, and a conclusion.
29. A claim is also called
A) a proposition.
B) a policy.
C) a value.
D) a testimony.
30. “Decaffeinated coffee has many of the same health benefits as regular coffee.” This
statement is a claim of
A) value.
B) fact.
C) policy.
D) proposition.
31. “Five Guys is the best hamburger chain in the U.S.” This statement is a claim of
A) value.
B) fact.
C) policy.
D) generalization.
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32. “It should be socially acceptable for mothers to nurse their babies in public.” This
statement is a claim of
A) value.
B) fact.
C) policy.
D) proposition.
33. Claims of ______ recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved.
A) value
B) fact
C) policy
D) third order
34. Secondary sources are also called
A) second-hand sources.
B) outside sources.
C) secondary research.
D) external evidence.
35. Warrants that appeal to the audience’s emotions are called ______ warrants.
A) speculative
B) motivational
C) authoritative
D) substantive
36. Warrants that rely on an audience‘s beliefs about the credibility or acceptability of a
source of evidence are termed ______ warrants.
A) speculative
B) motivational
C) authoritative
D) substantive
37. ______ warrants appeal to the audience’s reasoning.
A) Speculative
B) Motivational
C) Authoritative
D) Substantive
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38. A warrant that compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in one case is
true in the other is a
A) warrant by sign.
B) warrant by analogy.
C) warrant by cause.
D) warrant by evidence.
39. A speaker who anticipates counterarguments and then addresses or rebuts them is
delivering a(n)
A) authoritative warrant.
B) one-sided message.
C) speculative claim.
D) two-sided message.
40. “Adopted children should have the right to learn the identities of their birth parents
because they are adopted.” This statement is an example of
A) begging the question.
B) bandwagoning.
C) an overgeneralization.
D) an ad hominem argument.
41. “Hazing on campus should be permitted because fraternities and sororities have been
doing it since this college was established.” This statement is an example of
A) begging the question.
B) bandwagoning.
C) a red herring fallacy.
D) an appeal to tradition.
42. “I don‘t believe anything Juanita says because no one with any brains has a pierced
nose.” This statement is an example of
A) begging the question.
B) bandwagoning.
C) an overgeneralization.
D) an ad hominem argument.
Answer Key
1. A
2. A