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161
20. The Surrealist who wanted to make the viewer conscious of the limitations of signs and language was
______.
a. Meret Oppenheim
b. Salvador Dalí
c. Rene Magritte
d. Giorgio de Chirico
e. Joan Miró
SHORT ANSWER
1. Why didn’t Emil Nolde like Impressionism?
2. What did color mean to the Fauve artists?
3. What is the difference between an assemblage and a collage?
4. What is the difference between Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism?
ESSAY
1. Why was the Eiffel Tower seen as a symbol of Modernism?
2. Explain how modern artists used space and perspective in their paintings. Refer to two early twentieth-
4. How was the New Objectivity different in appearance and intention than German Expressionism?
5. How did the Surrealists employ the use of “illogical juxtaposition?” Cite two Surrealist works in your
response.
162
Chapter 19
The Invisible Made Visible: Abstract and
Nonrepresentational Art
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The young Vasily Kandinsky, upon seeing the art work of ________ that focused on color over subject
matter, was inspired to explore that concept further in his own work.
a. Paul Cezanne
b. Paul Gauguin
c. Pierre Auguste Renoir
d. Claude Monet
e. Jackson Pollock
2. Pictures in which lines, shapes, and colors no longer refer to anything in the real world are called ____.
a. naturalism
b. realism
c. semi-abstract
d. New Objectivity
e. nonrepresentational
Analysis
163
3. ________ was the founder and architect of the Bauhaus in Dessau, Germany.
a. Vasily Kandinsky
b. Le Corbusier
c. Frank Lloyd Wright
d. Walter Gropius
e. Louis Sullivan
4. What architect had the dictum: “the complete building is the final aim of the visual arts”?
a. Walter Gropius
b. Vasily Kandinsky
c. Marc Chagall
d. Le Corbusier
e. Frank Lloyd Wright
5. The International Style is seen in ________.
a. Notre Dame du Haut
b. the Bauhaus
c. Guggenheim Museum
d. none of these are correct
e. all of these are correct
164
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. Le Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut is a reversal of the International Style. See THE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE.
b. Correct. In Gropius’s design of the Bauhaus, the International Style can clearly be seen. See THE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE.
c. Incorrect. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Guggenheim Museum departs from the International Style in its
smooth, round forms. See THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE.
d. Incorrect. In Gropius’s design of the Bauhaus, the International Style can clearly be seen. See THE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE.
e. Incorrect. In Gropius’s design of the Bauhaus, the International Style can clearly be seen. See THE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE.
6. What were Le Corbusier’s aspirations for the modern architecture?
a. It should be purely rational and scientific.
b. It should create a better world.
c. It should solve intransigent social problems.
d. It should break down old nationalistic boundaries.
e. all of these are correct.
7. Why did Frank Lloyd Wright disapprove of the International Style?
a. It was too ornamental.
b. It was too expensive.
c. It was essentially European.
d. It was not practical enough.
e. None of these are correct.
165
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. Frank Lloyd Wright and the International Style eschewed the overly ornamental. See
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
b. Incorrect. Frank Lloyd Wright did not think that the International Style was too expensive. See
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
c. Correct. Frank Lloyd Wright thought that the International Style was essentially European. See
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
d. Incorrect. In some ways the International Style took practical concerns more seriously than Frank
Lloyd Wright. See FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
e. Incorrect. Frank Lloyd Wright did think that the International Style was essentially European. See
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT.
8. What was the dominant theme of Georgia O’Keeffe’s work during her long career?
a. nature
b. portraiture
c. landscape
d. none of these are correct
e. all of these are correct
9. Edward Weston made images that were _______.
a. previsualized
b. uncropped using the full frame
c. contact prints made directly from the negative
d. done using the deepest moment of perception
e. all of these are correct
166
10. Why did New York City replace Paris as the world capital of art?
a. The Bauhaus school closed.
b. Many artists fled to New York from Europe,
c. The advance of Hitler’s armies destabilized Europe.
d. None of these are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
11. Who painted the black and white work that uses loose, expressive lines to describe a complicated and
interlocked abstract spaces, such as Painting (1948)?
a. Jackson Pollock
b. Georgia O’Keeffe
c. Wilhelm de Kooning
d. Edward Weston
e. Mark Rothko
12. Jackson Pollock was inspired by the _____.
a. Surrealists, especially their use of automatic picturemaking
b. the rationality of the Bauhaus forms
c. Fauves, especially their use of bright colors
d. work of Vasily Kandinsky, especially his use of nonrepresentational images
e. work of Georgia O’Keeffe, especially her use of organic forms
167
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Analysis
a. Correct. The Surrealists, and especially their use of automatic picturemaking, inspired Pollock and his
painting method. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
b. Incorrect. Pollock’s images do not rely on ideas of rationality. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM:
MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
c. Incorrect. Pollock did not rely on the color theories of the Fauves. See ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
d. Incorrect. Pollock was not inspired by the nonrepresentational works of Kandinsky. See ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
e. Incorrect. O’Keefe’s organic forms did not inspire Pollock. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM:
MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
13. Jackson Pollock created _________, depicting the energy of the artist’s motions.
a. Color Field Paintings
b. action paintings
c. straight paintings
d. Fauvist
e. kinetic works
Analysis
14. What was Mark Rothko exploring in his Color Field paintings such as Untitled (Painting), 1953–1954?
a. action painting
b. abstraction of nature
c. simultaneous contrast
d. psychological and spiritual effects of color
e. none of these are correct
168
15. Helen Frankenthaler was inspired and influenced by the Abstract Expressionist painters ______.
a. Emil Nolde and Henri Matisse
b. Georgia O’Keeffe and Vasily Kandinsky
c. Jackson Pollock and Hans Hofmann
d. Willem de Kooning and Piet Mondrian
e. Mark Rothko and Vasily Kandinsky
16. Helen Frankenthaler created her paintings by _________.
a. dripping the paint with a stick on the surface of the canvas
b. using wide brush strokes filled with emotion
c. first using gesso to seal the surface of the canvas, then using built-up layers of thin glazes
d. using a palate knife to lay a thick application of oil paints
e. letting the colors of paint to soak and stain a raw canvas
17. Alexander Calder invented ________.
a. collage
b. the mobile
c. action painting
d. straight photography
e. the glass box
169
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. The invention of the collage is attributed to Picasso. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM:
MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
b. Correct. Calder invented the mobile. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART
CREATED IN AMERICA.
c. Incorrect. Calder did not invent action painting. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART
CREATED IN AMERICA.
d. Incorrect. Calder did not invent straight photography. See ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN
ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
e. Incorrect. Calder did not invent the glass box, which is an architectural form. See ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM: MODERN ART CREATED IN AMERICA.
18. The architect who built a glass house for himself is ______.
a. Le Corbusier
b. Frank Lloyd Wright
c. Mark di Suvero
d. Philip Johnson
e. Hans Hofmann
19. The glass box format of the International Style leant itself well to skyscrapers because ____.
a. it is ordered and disciplined
b. it lacks political overtones
c. it is a neutral style
d. it is cheaper to build than heavily ornamented buildings
e. all of these are correct
Analysis
170
20. Le Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut is a type of _________.
a. organic architecture or sculpture
b. geometric architecture
c. the International Style
d. glorification of the machine
e. all of these are correct
SHORT ANSWER
1. Why did Frank Lloyd Wright say that Le Corbusier was “valuable, especially as an enemy”?
2. List three artists that were associated with the Abstract Expressionists.
3. Why did Jackson Pollock paint on the floor?
4. What is meant by the term Color Field Painting?
5. Why didn’t the Abstract Expressionists have a manifesto?
ESSAY
1. Discuss the role of the Bauhaus in modern art. Who founded it? Where was it located? What was
2. Explain how the International Style was different than previous forms of architecture. Cite at least one
3. Describe how Frank Lloyd Wright combined the ideas of form follows function with organic
4. In the mid-1900s, the art capital of the world shifted to New York City. Explain why this shift occurred
5. Compare and contrast an organic work of architecture with a geometric work of architecture.
171
Chapter 20
A Storm of Images: Art in the Contemporary World
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. How did Robert Rauschenberg describe Pop Art?
a. “in the gap between art and life”
b. “in between fun and art”
c. “sugary”
d. all of these are correct
e. none of these are correct
2. Robert Rauschenberg painted in an Abstract Expressionist style but applied it to ______.
a. portraiture
b. objects and symbols from pop culture
c. landscape
d. book covers
e. advertising
172
3. Andy Warhol was the most influential artist of ______.
a. Abstract Expressionism
b. Pop Art
c. Minimalism
d. Photorealism
e. Postmodernism
4. A Happening is _____________.
a. a style of art that reveals the inner emotions of the artist
b. the main contemporary art exhibition that occurs every other year
c. a gallery reception for a new exhibition
d. a theatrical event that encompasses the art experience
e. a video installation
5. What did Roy Lichtenstein find so distasteful in art of the past?
a. naturalistic style
b. patron/artist relations
c. neutral museum spaces
d. egotistical, self-important artists
e. none of these are correct
173
6. According to Robert Venturi, what was the mistake of the International Style?
a. the use of the glass curtain
b. the simple box shape
c. the rejection of the past
d. the sleek styling
e. the clean lines
Analysis
7. Minimalism is ______.
a. high-minded and refined
b. stripped down to the bare essentials
c. self-sufficient without subject matter
d. fabricated from industrial materials
e. all of these are correct
8. Donald Judd refers to an isolated place separated from the commotion of a viewer’s everyday
experience as ____.
a. a gallery
b. an aesthetic experience
c. art space
d. combine
e. a happening
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. While this isolated place is often in a gallery, this is not the term Judd uses. See THE END
OF ART: MINIMALISM.
b. Incorrect. Judd does not refer to this place as an aesthetic experience. See THE END OF ART:
MINIMALISM.
c. Correct. Judd refers to the place isolated from everyday experience as the art space. See THE END OF
ART: MINIMALISM.
d. Incorrect. Judd does not refer to this place as a combine. See THE END OF ART: MINIMALISM.
e. Incorrect. Judd does not refer to this place as a happening. See THE END OF ART: MINIMALISM.
9. Superrealism is like Minimalism in that both ________.
a. re-created very realistic, representational scenes
b. depicted highly reflective surfaces
c. are cool and calculated
d. express the inner emotions of the artist
e. all of these are correct
10. What is true of Minnesotan artist Duane Hanson’s work?
a. They are superrealistic sculptures.
b. They are accessible to all viewers.
c. They reflect life.
d. Both a and c are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
Analysis
175
11. Which of the following was the goal of artists involved with SITE (Sculpture in the Environment)?
a. to preserve sculpture
b. to search for a more socially significant content
c. to use natural resources in their sculptural projects
d. to replace public sculpture with objects from nature
e. all of these are correct
12. How did Christo and Jeanne-Claude fund their large scale works of art?
a. by selling off the parts of the works after they were dismantled
b. entirely by themselves, through selling Christo’s drawings
c. by receiving grants
d. through private donors
e. by using lots of help from volunteers
Analysis
13. The Guerilla Girls use posters, billboards, and on-site appearances to _______________.
a. raise awareness for male artists
b. raise awareness about animal rights, especially gorillas
c. provide comic relief to the art world
d. draw attention to up and coming galleries
e. eliminate bias against women in the art world
176
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. The Guerilla Girls were not working for the success of male artists. See ART ISSUES: WHY
ISN’T A WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE MUSEUM?
b. Incorrect. While they did use the motif of a gorilla mask, this was not to bring attention to animal
rights. See ART ISSUES: WHY ISN’T A WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE MUSEUM?
c. Incorrect. The Guerilla Girls considered their work to be quite serious. See ART ISSUES: WHY ISN’T
A WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE MUSEUM?
d. Incorrect. The Guerilla Girls focused a lot of attention on well-established museums. See ART
ISSUES: WHY ISN’T A WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE MUSEUM?
e. Correct. The Guerrilla Girls wanted to eliminate bias against women in the art world. See ART
ISSUES: WHY ISN’T A WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE MUSEUM?
14. Anselm Kiefer is associated with __________ due to his use of vigorous brushstrokes and emotion-
laden imagery.
a. Performance Art
b. Happenings
c. Neoexpressionism
d. Pop Art
e. Minimalism
15. One of the main characteristics of Postmodern art is _______.
a. rediscovering the past
b. rejecting the past
c. stripping art down to the basic essentials
d. the emergence of new styles
e. emotionless imagery
177
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Analysis
a. Correct. In a turn away from Modernist values, Postmodern art involves rediscovering the past. See
THE ART WORLD BECOMES GLOBAL: POSTMODERN ART AND THE NEW IMAGE.
b. Incorrect. A strong theme in Modern art is the rejection of the past; Postmodern art departs from this
theme. See THE ART WORLD BECOMES GLOBAL: POSTMODERN ART AND THE NEW IMAGE.
c. Incorrect. Postmodern art is not defined by stripping art down to its essentials. See THE ART WORLD
BECOMES GLOBAL: POSTMODERN ART AND THE NEW IMAGE.
d. Incorrect. Postmodern art opened up possibilities for new art, but this was not limited to a change in
styles. See THE ART WORLD BECOMES GLOBAL: POSTMODERN ART AND THE NEW IMAGE.
e. Incorrect. In a departure from a great deal of Modern art, Postmodern art embraced emotional themes.
See THE ART WORLD BECOMES GLOBAL: POSTMODERN ART AND THE NEW IMAGE.
16. Which artist was known for his brutally honest portraits such as his self-portrait Painter Working,
Reflection (1993)?
a. Petah Coyne
b. Richard Diebenkorn
c. Robert Rauschenberg
d. Lucien Freud
e. Anselm Kiefer
Analysis
17. Postmodern architecture is often considered neo-eclectic because it _______.
a. is a completely new style of architecture
b. contains proportions of classical architecture
c. uses the concept of “less is more” in the lack of windows
d. combines several different and contradictory styles within one building
e. uses primitive building methods and techniques
Analysis
178
18. Which is NOT true of Julie Mehretu’s paintings?
a. They are inspired by satellite imagery.
b. They involve pencil, pen, ink, and acrylic paint.
c. She sees each one as a “whole cosmos.”
d. They have as many as twenty levels of movement.
e. They depict her birthplace in Ethiopia.
19. The character Mr. DOB by Takashi Murakami is symbolic as _________.
a. a self-portrait of the artist
b. a self-portrait of the Japanese people
c. American consumerism and pop culture
d. the Japanese counterpart to Mickey Mouse
e. the increased mechanization of society
Analysis
20. On what issue does artist Shazia Sikander comment in her work Pleasure Pillars (2001)?
a. traditional Islamic court painting
b. female identity
c. military conflict
d. conflicting styles from the East and West
e. all of these are correct
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. Sikander trained in and engages with Islamic court painting and uses it to comment on other
issues. See A GLOBAL ART WORLD WITH A RICH HISTORY.
b. Correct. Sikander explores issues of female identity in her painting Pleasure Pillars. See A GLOBAL
ART WORLD WITH A RICH HISTORY.
c. Incorrect. Though Sikander uses motifs of modern warfare in her pictures, she uses them to comment
on another issue. See A GLOBAL ART WORLD WITH A RICH HISTORY.
d. Incorrect. Though conflicting styles of East and West are present in the image, Sikander uses them to
comment on another issue. See A GLOBAL ART WORLD WITH A RICH HISTORY.
e. Incorrect. Sikander explores issues of female identity in her painting Pleasure Pillars. See A GLOBAL
ART WORLD WITH A RICH HISTORY.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Why did Andy Warhol use images of celebrities?
2. What was the subject matter for Andy Warhol’s Disaster Series?
3. What was Robert Venturi’s response to the motto “Less is More” of the International Style?
4. How did one artist describe minimalism?
5. Why is art like therapy to Louise Bourgeois?
ESSAY
1. How did Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg break with the philosophies of the Abstract
2. In what ways was art seen like a commodity after WWII?
3. Compare and contrast the style, subject matter, and intentions of Pop Art with Minimalism. Refer to
4. Lewis and Lewis state that “The face of the art world has been changed by the works of Judy Chicago
5. Discuss the role of performance art in the direction of later twentieth-century art.
