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18. In the photograph ________, Sandy Skoglund constructed a set and then clothed and posed models to
create an image depicting a vivid fantasy of what the world might be like after a nuclear war.
a. Meditation Mystery
b. Untitled
c. Radioactive Cats
d. Radioactive Dogs
e. none of these are correct
19. Photographer Cindy Sherman is best known for ______.
a. being a special-effects wizard
b. controlling the lighting in her photographs
c. controlling sets and makeup in her photographs
d. coming up with her own costumes for her photographs
e. all of these are correct
Analysis
20. Levi van Veluw explores _____________ through otherworldly landscapes in a form of self-
portraiture.
a. his identity and place in the world
b. Dutch society
c. outer space
d. being a western artist
e. none of these are correct
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Analysis
a. Correct. Van Veluw does explore his identity and place in the world through otherworldly landscapes
in a form of self-portraiture. See CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES.
b. Incorrect. Though he is a Dutch artist, van Veluw is not specifically exploring Dutch society in his
photographic images. See CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES.
c. Incorrect. Van Veluw does not explore outer space in his photographic images. See
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES.
d. Incorrect. Though he is a western artist, van Veluw is not exclusively exploring this in his photographic
images. See CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES.
e. Incorrect. Van Veluw does explore his identity and place in the world through otherworldly landscapes
in a form of self-portraiture. See CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What are the differences between the photographic method invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé
Daguerre and the method invented by William Henry Fox Talbot?
2. Explain how the tabletop camera obscura works.
3. What are the five basic parts of all cameras?
4. What is the Farm Security Administration and how is this organization important?
5. Name two reasons why Alfred Stieglitz is important to American photography.
ESSAY
1. Discuss why Man Ray embraced the approach of photography–as-art versus photography as absolute
truth.
4. Discuss the work of Cindy Sherman while paying particular attention to how she sets up her images.
How can something so artificial seem so natural?
5. Discuss the controversy surrounding the retrospective of Robert Mapplethorpe’s work and how it has
63
Chapter 8
New Media: Time and Digital Arts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. _________________ was a professional photographer who created exhaustive studies of figures and
animals in motion.
a. Giacomo Balla
b. Eadweard Muybridge
c. Luis Buñuel
d. Nam June Paik
e. Bill Viola
2. Feeling the heavy burden of trying to create new art surrounded by the grandeur of Roman,
Renaissance, and Baroque art, the Futurists saw the new age as an opportunity to _______.
a. free Italy from her numberless museums
b. free Italy from her useless admiration of the future
c. free Italy from her useless admiration of the past
d. none of these are correct
e. both a and c are correct
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3. The first motion picture camera was called the ______.
a. Un Chien Andalou
b. locomotion
c. film
d. kinetoscope
e. stylus
4. When Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí created Un Chien Andalou, their goal was _______.
a. to tell a story
b. to shock the audience
c. to repulse the audience
d. none of these are correct
e. both b and c are correct
5. Surrealist artists believed in an art that ______.
a. depicted dreams
b. depicted repressed passions
c. depicted the unconscious mind
d. all of these are correct
e. none of these are correct
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Analysis
6. According to the text, television did not take its place as the center of American cultural life until the
______.
a. 1930s
b. 1940s
c. 1950s
d. 1960s
e. 1970s
7. The art form known as video art was originated by ______.
a. Bill Viola
b. Nam June Paik
c. Pipilotti Rist
d. Eadweard Muybridge
e. Giacomo Balla
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8. All of the following are true about the piece entitled TV Buddha except _______.
a. the Buddha seems to be watching his own “live” image on a monitor
b. the piece was created by Nam June Paik
c. the piece was created by Bill Viola
d. the Buddha contemplates his electronic self
e. the effect of the piece is peaceful, reminiscent of the Zen Buddhist goal of attaining nonbeing
9. The Martyrs, which according to the artist “exemplify the human capacity to bear pain,
hardship and even death in order to remain faithful to their values, beliefs and principles,” was created
by_________.
a. Bill Viola
b. Nam June Paik
c. Pipilotti Rist
d. Eadweard Muybridge
e. Giacomo Balla
10. For Pipilotti Rist, the themes of ______________ and ______________ are recurring ideas in her
work.
a. music and dance
b. art and life
c. transformation and religion
d. water and travel
e. water and fire
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© 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Analysis
a. Incorrect. Though Rist does incorporate music into her work, these are not recurring ideas. See TIME
AS AN ARTIST’S MEDIUM.
b. Incorrect. Art and life are not recurring themes in Rist’s work. See TIME AS AN ARTIST’S
MEDIUM.
c. Incorrect. Transformation and religion are not recurring themes in Rist’s work. See TIME AS AN
ARTIST’S MEDIUM.
d. Correct. Water and travel are recurring themes in Rist’s work. See TIME AS AN ARTIST’S
MEDIUM.
e. Incorrect. Though Rist incorporates water into her work, these are not recurring themes in her work.
See TIME AS AN ARTIST’S MEDIUM.
11. The art form created with the aid of computer technology is referred to as _______.
a. video art
b. digital arts
c. installation
d. none of these are correct
e. all of these are correct
12. In the early 1950s, an impressive demonstration of a ball bouncing and the playing of “Jingle Bells”
was shown on CBS. This project from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was called ______.
a. IBM
b. Illustrator
c. Sketchpad
d. Whirlwind
e. Gouraud shading
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13. During the early stages of computer graphics, printing images took several hours and required
expensive ________________, which were large printers that held rolls of paper and made marks by
moving pens.
a. scanners
b. Graphic User Interfaces
c. vectorscopes
d. styluses
e. plotters
Analysis
14. In 1962, a graduate student at MIT, Ivan Sutherland, developed a hardware and software system that
included a nine-inch monitor and a light pen, which enabled Sutherland to draw directly on the screen.
This hardware and software system is called ______.
a. Photoshop
b. Illustrator
c. Sketchpad
d. Pixar
e. MacDraw
15. The first exhibition of computer graphics was held at a gallery in Stuttgart, Germany, in ______.
a. 1950
b. 1955
c. 1960
d. 1965
e. 1980
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© 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Analysis
a. Incorrect. This exhibition was not held in 1950. See THE ARTIST AND THE COMPUTER.
b. Incorrect. This exhibition was not held in 1955. See THE ARTIST AND THE COMPUTER.
c. Incorrect. This exhibition was not held in 1960. See THE ARTIST AND THE COMPUTER.
d. Correct. This exhibition was held in 1965. See THE ARTIST AND THE COMPUTER.
e. Incorrect. This exhibition was not held in 1980. See THE ARTIST AND THE COMPUTER.
16. When an artist prefers to create their imagery by hand, they can use a graphic or digitizing tablet
rather than a mouse. To draw on the tablet, a pen or ______________ is needed.
a. stylus
b. scanner
c. MacDraw
d. Sketchpad
e. none of these are correct
17. ____________ uses a scanner like a camera to create images described as “dream-like worlds
inhabited by everyday objects.”
a. Michael Noll
b. Ivan Sutherland
c. Stephanie Syjuco
d. Maggie Taylor
e. Bill Viola
18. A revolution in graphic and type design began with a computer program called Aldus PageMaker.
This new approach to design and layout became known as ______.
a. WYSIWYG
b. desktop publishing
c. grunge fonts
d. Gouraud shading
e. none of these are correct
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© 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Analysis
a. Incorrect. Though WYSIWYG was an important part of Aldus PageMaker, it was not the name of the
whole new approach. See THE DIGITAL MEDIA.
b. Correct. This new approach was called desktop publishing. See THE DIGITAL MEDIA.
c. Incorrect. Though Aldus PageMaker helped open the way to the development of homemade, or grunge,
fonts, this was not the name of the new approach. See THE DIGITAL MEDIA.
d. Incorrect. This new approach was not called Gouraud shading, which is technique of digital texture
mapping. See THE DIGITAL MEDIA.
e. Incorrect. This new approach was called desktop publishing. See THE DIGITAL MEDIA.
19. __________________ is an artist who is best known for editing video of sporting events by removing
the athletes.
a. Bill Viola
b. Maggie Taylor
c. Paul Pfeiffer
d. Stephanie Syjuco
e. John Lasseter
20. John Lasseter’s first fully computer-animated film at Pixar was ______.
a. Luxo Jr.
b. Toy Story
c. Monsters Inc.
d. Finding Nemo
e. none of these are correct
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe how the painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash by Giacomo Balla depicts speed.
2. What act signified the conversion of Nam June Paik from a musician to an electronic artist?
3. During the 1950s, why did many artists not take computer graphics seriously as a creative medium?
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4. List at least 3 ways in which artists can input imagery into a computer.
5. John Lasseter is considered to be a leader in computer animated film. To what does he contribute his
success?
ESSAY
1. Describe the Surrealist film by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí entitled Un Chien Andalou. How does
2. The history of art is filled with examples of new media transforming the way artists work. What is the
impact of the computer, and the various tools associated with it, on artists and art making? Cite specific
3. Discuss the contributions of Ivan Sutherland to the field of computer graphics. Why is Sutherland
4. Compare and contrast the work of Maggie Taylor and Stephanie Syjuco.
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Chapter 9
Sculpture
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The Colossal Olmec head is carved out of volcanic basalt, an extremely hard stone, using only ______.
a. metal tools
b. stone tools
c. wooden tools
d. bone tools
e. none of these are correct
2. A(n) _____, often used with architecture as wall decorations, grows out of a flat, two-dimensional
background, and its projection into three-dimensional space is relatively shallow.
a. installation
b. kinetic sculpture
c. relief sculpture
d. sculpture in the round
e. earth art
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3. Most Assyrian relief sculptures commemorate ______.
a. military victories of Assyrian kings
b. royal farms and livestock
c. hunting expeditions of Assyrian kings
d. portraits of the Assyrian king’s family
e. both a and c are correct
4. In the plaque showing a king mounted on a horse with attendants from the Court of Benin, Nigeria, the
central warrior chief is carved in _______________ or almost in the round.
a. middle relief
b. freestanding
c. low relief
d. high relief
e. none of these are correct
5. Freestanding sculpture is described as ______.
a. a sculpture that inhabits three-dimensional space
b. a sculpture that does not have a single viewpoint
c. a sculpture that has a single viewpoint
d. a sculpture that is flat and two-dimensional
e. both a and b are correct
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. While freestanding sculpture is described as a sculpture that inhabits three-dimensional
space, this is not the complete answer. See SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND.
b. Incorrect. While freestanding sculpture is described as not having a single viewpoint, this is not the
complete answer. See SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND.
c. Incorrect. Freestanding sculpture can be viewed from every side. See SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND.
d. Incorrect. Freestanding sculpture has volume and is three-dimensional. See SCULPTURE IN THE
ROUND.
e. Correct. Freestanding sculpture inhabits a three-dimensional space and can be seen in multiple
viewpoints. See SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND.
6. Alexander Calder is credited with inventing what type of sculpture?
a. low relief sculpture
b. high relief sculpture
c. kinetic sculpture
d. freestanding sculpture
e. sculpture in the round
7. When an artist creates living sculptural events that are ephemeral art experiences, they are making
______.
a. earth art
b. freestanding sculpture
c. relief sculpture
d. installation art
e. performance art
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8. Which of the following was not part of Joseph Beuys performance How to Explain Pictures to a Dead
Hare?
a. Beuys touched the rabbit’s paw to each one of the viewers in the gallery.
b. Beuys’ head was covered in honey and gold leaf.
c. Beuys touched the rabbit’s paw to each one of his drawings and paintings.
d. Beuys carried a dead hare in his arms.
e. Beuys discussed the meaning of his pictures with the dead hare.
9. During the 1985 Biennial Exhibition at the Whitney Museum in New York City, _______ created a
Postmodern, raucous fun-house in a minor hallway of a major museum.
a. Joseph Beuys
b. Kenny Scharf
c. Robert Smithson
d. Nancy Holt
e. Laurie Anderson
10. Art that leaves the gallery and interacts directly with nature is referred to as ______.
a. casting
b. performance art
c. earth art
d. installation
e. none of these are correct
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11. Robert Smithson is credited with creating the most famous and archetypal earthwork, which is titled
______.
a. Spiral Jetty
b. Closet, No. 7
c. Sun Tunnels
d. Walking Man
e. Cubi XII
12. In _______________ methods of sculpture, the sculpture is built up by modeling a flexible material
like clay or plaster or building an installation.
a. casting
b. relief
c. subtractive
d. additive
e. performance
13. In _________________ methods of sculpture, the sculpture is carved out of hard materials such as
wood or stone.
a. casting
b. performance
c. subtractive
d. additive
e. kinetic
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. Casting is often used to sculpt hard materials, but it is not a method of carving. See
SCULPTURAL METHODS.
b. Incorrect. Performance art is not carved out of hard materials; instead it is an ephemeral art event. See
SCULPTURAL METHODS.
c. Correct. The subtractive method of sculpting requires carving the sculpture out of hard materials such
as wood or stone. See SCULPTURAL METHODS.
d. Incorrect. Additive sculpting is done by building up the piece out of a soft material, or by creating an
installation. See SCULPTURAL METHODS.
e. Incorrect. Kinetic sculptures are free-floating and are typically made by assembling metal pieces
together. See SCULPTURAL METHODS.
14. When making a sculpture out of clay, artists will often form the clay around a metal skeleton, called
a(n) ___________, for extra strength.
a. mobile
b. armature
c. casting
d. maquette
e. none of these are correct
15. Most cast metal sculptures are made to be hollow by using a process called the _______.
a. lost wax method
b. maquette
c. low relief
d. subtractive method
e. additive method
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16. All of the following are true about African sculpture except ______.
a. wood carving is the most important sculptural art of Africa
b. sculpture in wood is carved from a single piece of a tree
c. the shape of the sculpture is limited by the size and shape of the tree
d. casting is the most important sculptural art of Africa
e. none of these are correct
17. Sculptor David Smith uses the industrial techniques of ___________ and ____________ that he
learned while working in an automobile factory.
a. welding and casting
b. low relief and high relief
c. casting and wood carving
d. welding and soldering
e. soldering and casting
18. “I wanted the form, but I didn’t care for the carving. I wanted something more immediate because my
creativity was faster.” This quote describes___________________, the artist who used found wooden
objects to assemble large sculptures.
a. Robert Smithson
b. Louise Nevelson
c. David Smith
d. Tony Oursler
e. none of these are correct
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19. Artwork that combines more than one media is referred to as ______.
a. relief
b. installation
c. mixed media
d. casting
e. none of these are correct
20. Artwork that combines sculpture, video, projection, and installation as well as characters named Cyc,
Sug, and Coo, describes the work of _______.
a. Patrick Dougherty
b. David Smith
c. Louise Nevelson
d. Tony Oursler
e. Robert Smithson
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Analysis
a. Incorrect. Doughtery’s work does not typically involve such materials as video. See MODERN
SCULPTURAL METHODS: CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING.
b. Incorrect. Smith’s work uses metal squares, not such materials as video. See MODERN
SCULPTURAL METHODS: CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING.
c. Incorrect. Nevelson’s work involves such materials as found wooden objects. See MODERN
SCULPTURAL METHODS: CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING.
d. Correct. Oursler’s work involves video, projection, and installation. See MODERN SCULPTURAL
METHODS: CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING.
e. Incorrect. Smithson made giant earthworks that did not involve video or projections. See MODERN
SCULPTURAL METHODS: CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Explain the difference between kinetic sculpture and sculpture in the round. Which artists in this
chapter best illustrate the difference?
2. Discuss the mystery surrounding the creation and placement of the Colossal Olmec heads found in La
Venta, Mexico.
3. Why is it important to view pieces like Gianlorenzo Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne from multiple
vantage points?
4. Name and describe the function of the three types of metal tools used by sculptors when working on
stone carving.
5. Why are sculptures like Mother and Child and Seated Male with a Lance so important in African
culture? What do these sculptures symbolize?
ESSAY
1. Compare and contrast two-dimensional art with three-dimensional art.
5. Describe the work of Louise Nevelson. Specifically, discuss her use of materials and how she utilizes
the elements and principles of art in her sculpture. Be sure to cite examples of her work in your answer.