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Chapter 16: Essay
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 12
ANSWER:
a
27. The FCC can fine broadcast stations any amount it sees fit for indecent incidents.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
b
28. According to the 1934 Communications Act, broadcast stations must provide equal
opportunity and response time for qualified political candidates.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
a
29. Broadcasters are no longer legally required to provide competing points of view when airing
programs about controversial issues.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
a
30. Compared with most other nations, the United States has ______ freedom of speech,
religious tolerance, and press freedom.
a.
a little less
b.
a little more
c.
a lot more
d.
a lot less
ANSWER:
c
31. Which model of the press is most often associated with today's mainstream U.S. news
media?
a.
authoritarian
b.
communist
c.
libertarian
d.
social responsibility
ANSWER:
d
32. State leaders believe the press should serve the goals of the government in the ______ model.
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a.
authoritarian
b.
communist
c.
libertarian
d.
social responsibility
ANSWER:
b
33. The notion of the press working as the Fourth Estate, or as a watchdog over the government,
is contained in which model of speech and expression?
a.
authoritarian
b.
communist (or state)
c.
libertarian
d.
social responsibility
ANSWER:
d
34. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the libertarian model for expression and
speech?
a.
tolerance for the expression of everything, from pornography to advocacy of anarchy
b.
encouraging vigorous government criticism
c.
a great deal of trust in citizens' ability to distinguish truth from falsehood
d.
arguing that the mass media have grown too powerful and need to become more
socially responsible or face some sort of government regulation
ANSWER:
d
35. Which model of expression tolerates all forms of speech, including pornography?
a.
authoritarian
b.
state model
c.
libertarian
d.
social responsibility
ANSWER:
c
36. According to the text, one of the first widely circulated arguments for a free, unlicensed press
can be traced to
a.
the un-amended U.S. Constitution.
b.
the tradition of a free press that started in Great Britain and other European countries
in the 1600s.
c.
English poet John Milton's essay Areopagitica.
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d.
President John Adams.
ANSWER:
c
37. Which of the following statements about the Sedition Act of 1798 is NOT true?
a.
It aimed to silence opposition to a possible war with France.
b.
It led to a public backlash that ultimately supported greater protection of a free press.
c.
It was passed by a political party in power to undermine efforts by an opposing
political party.
d.
It was supported and reinforced by President Thomas Jefferson when he took office.
ANSWER:
d
38. Prior restraint means that courts and governments
a.
can block the press from publishing any article they deem inflammatory or
controversial.
b.
cannot block any publication or speech before it occurs.
c.
have the right to review every article before it is published.
d.
can give the news media rules on what they can and cannot publish.
ANSWER:
b
39. In 1971, President Richard Nixon's administration tried to block publication of
a.
reports of government overspending.
b.
instructions on how to make an H-bomb.
c.
the Progressive magazine.
d.
a study of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
ANSWER:
d
40. The Pentagon Papers case involved which of the following legal concerns?
a.
Reporters were infringing on the copyrights of the Pentagon.
b.
Reporters were making unfair use of Pentagon documents.
c.
Newspapers were libeling the president and his administration by exposing their lies.
d.
The government's right to censor a newspaper and prevent publication in the interest
of national security.
ANSWER:
d
41. In the Progressive magazine case, a federal district court took a course of action based on the
concern that the magazine would publish
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a.
information on how an H-bomb works.
b.
a story that defamed the president.
c.
obscene material.
d.
a story that endorsed drug use.
ANSWER:
a
42. Which of the following constituted a "clear and present danger" to national security
according to the federal courts?
a.
publishing a design for the H-bomb in the Progressive magazine
b.
prosecuting the president for potentially criminal acts
c.
stealing the Pentagon Papers and publishing them
d.
distributing antiwar pamphlets during peace time
ANSWER:
a
43. Which laws, passed in 1917 and 1918, made it a federal crime to disrupt the nation's war
effort?
a.
Privacy Acts
b.
First Amendment
c.
Espionage Acts
d.
Sedition Acts
ANSWER:
c
44. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Socialist Party leader Charles T. Schenck for
a.
hacking into the cell phones of crime victims.
b.
for running a scam posing as a deposed Nigerian prince.
c.
for publishing the Pentagon Papers.
d.
distributing leaflets urging American men to protest the draft.
ANSWER:
d
45. The creators of works such as books, music, lyrics, movies, and TV programs are protected if
someone tries to make money off their work because of
a.
copyright law.
b.
libel.
c.
prior restraint.
d.
limited privilege.
ANSWER:
a
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46. At the end of the copyright period, a creative work such as a book or a song becomes
a.
more valuable to the person or company that owns the copyright.
b.
protected from use by anyone other than the author or creator.
c.
available for public use free of charge.
d.
a target for online piracy.
ANSWER:
c
47. Which statement about copyright law is true?
a.
Copyright covers a creative work for only seven years after it is produced.
b.
Companies like Disney are huge supporters of getting their material into the public
domain.
c.
Corporate owners spend lots of money getting Congress to shorten the length of
copyright protections.
d.
The original idea behind American copyright law was that authors would have a
financial incentive to create original works, and then others would be able to safely
use it to create derivative works.
ANSWER:
d
48. In 1976, Congress extended the copyright period to
a.
fifteen years.
b.
fifty years, or seventy-five years for a corporate copyright owner.
c.
the life of the author plus twenty-five years.
d.
the life of the author plus fifty years, or seventy-five years for a corporate copyright
owner.
ANSWER:
d
49. A written or broadcast expression that defames someone's character is
a.
absolute privilege.
b.
copyright.
c.
censorship.
d.
libel.
ANSWER:
d
50. Private individuals must prove falsehood, damages, and negligence to win which kind of
case?
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a.
copyright
b.
fair use
c.
libel
d.
sedition
ANSWER:
c
51. For public figures to successfully sue for libel, they must prove "actual malice," which means
the news medium
a.
knew the statement was false but published it anyway.
b.
published a true statement with the intention of hurting the public figure.
c.
was reckless with the public figure's privacy rights.
d.
has a reputation for being mean-spirited.
ANSWER:
a
52. Reporters who print or broadcast statements made in court are protected against libel by
a.
absolute privilege.
b.
qualified privilege.
c.
opinion and fair comment.
d.
malpractice.
ANSWER:
b
53. The idea of absolute privilege refers to the
a.
ability of reporters to print or broadcast anything they want.
b.
ability of the very rich to hire lawyers to sue anybody who libels them.
c.
ability of prosecutors to accuse defendants of crimes in court without risking libel.
d.
the federal shield laws that allow a reporter to keep a source confidential.
ANSWER:
c
54. Which of the following is NOT part of the legal definition of obscenity?
a.
The work as a whole must appeal to prurient interest.
b.
The work as a whole must lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
c.
The work must depict or describe dirty words and brutal violence.
d.
The work must depict sexual conduct in a patently offensive way.
ANSWER:
c
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55. The U.S. Supreme Court's standards for judging something as obscene do NOT include
which of the following?
a.
The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the
material as a whole appeals to prurient interest.
b.
The material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way.
c.
The material as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
d.
Individual parts of the work are considered offensive.
ANSWER:
d
56. Most battles over ______ are now online, where the global reach of the Internet has eclipsed
the concept of community standards.
a.
libel
b.
obscenity
c.
slander
d.
shield laws
ANSWER:
b
57. Which of the following actions by the media is NOT a violation of the usual rights of privacy
for a private citizen?
a.
taping or photographing a person in his or her home or other private space
b.
sharing health records
c.
using a person's image or quote in a news story without consent
d.
using a person's image or name, without consent, in advertisements or endorsements
ANSWER:
c
58. The ______ extended privacy law to computer-stored data and the Internet.
a.
Privacy Act of 1974
b.
Miller v. California case of 1973
c.
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
d.
Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
ANSWER:
d
59. In 2001, the ______ weakened privacy laws and gave the federal government more latitude
in searching private citizens' records and intercepting electronic communications without a court
order.
a.
USA PATRIOT Act
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b.
Privacy Act
c.
fair use law
d.
First Amendment
ANSWER:
a
60. In 1912, in the first type of national action limiting the film industry, the U.S. government
banned the interstate commerce of which kinds of films?
a.
pornographic films
b.
boxing films
c.
German films
d.
films endorsing anarchy
ANSWER:
b
61. The U.S. government banned boxing films from being transported from state to state in 1912
because of concerns about
a.
children watching the violent images of boxing.
b.
people betting on the fights.
c.
images of the first black heavyweight being perceived as a threat by the white
community.
d.
the movies making the "low-class" sport too popular.
ANSWER:
c
62. In the Mutual v. Ohio (1915) decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that film was a
a.
"business pure and simple."
b.
"means for public discourse."
c.
"legitimate form of free speech."
d.
"blight on creative expression."
ANSWER:
a
63. Adopted by 95 percent of the movie industry during most of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, the
Motion Picture Production Code would have allowed
a.
showing a minister of religion as the hero of a story.
b.
a scene ridiculing a Catholic priest.
c.
a scene with lots of passionate kissing.
d.
comedy classified as "toilet humor."
ANSWER:
a
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64. The ______ case in 1952 determined that film should be protected as a form of free speech.
a.
Burstyn v. Wilson
b.
Mutual v. Ohio
c.
New York Times v. Sullivan
d.
Progressive
ANSWER:
a
65. The U.S. movie rating system is an example of
a.
industry self-regulation.
b.
censorship.
c.
state regulation.
d.
FCC guidelines.
ANSWER:
a
66. In 1984, the PG-13 movie rating was added in response to which of the following two
popular films being considered too violent and disturbing for children under thirteen?
a.
Amadeus / This Is Spinal Tap
b.
Gremlins / The Terminator
c.
The Terminator / The Killing Fields
d.
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom / Gremlins
ANSWER:
d
67. Because of fears about the spread of communism in the 1950s and the tactics of lawmakers
such as Senator Joseph McCarthy, TV networks started asking actors and other workers to
a.
hold controversial political views in order to get and keep their jobs.
b.
sign loyalty oaths denouncing communism.
c.
defend themselves in a court of law from accusations of being communists.
d.
stop working in television and radio.
ANSWER:
b
68. Performers, writers, or producers who did not bow to pressure from people like Senator
Joseph McCarthy and found themselves blacklisted as part of the communist "witch-hunts" of
the 1950s
a.
were sent to special camps to protect the public.
b.
could only work for minimum wage.
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c.
lost their jobs and any chance of getting hired for a while.
d.
could only work for Red Channels, an anticommunist radio and television show.
ANSWER:
c
69. The Communications Act of 1934 mandated that radio broadcasters operate in the "public
interest, convenience, and necessity" based on which of the following arguments?
a.
Radio stations are funded by the government and should therefore serve the public.
b.
Limited broadcast signals constitute a scarce national resource.
c.
Minors have unrestricted access to the radio.
d.
The government should be able to control broadcasting the way it controls the print
media.
ANSWER:
b
70. Accordingly, the government may not interfere with programs or engage in prior restraint,
although it may punish broadcasters for _____ or profanity after the fact.
a.
dirty words
b.
indecency
c.
libel
d.
expletives
ANSWER:
b
71. Who came up with the "seven dirty words" comedy routine that landed a radio station in hot
water with the FCC and resulted in rules about what times of the day a broadcaster can air
"adult" material?
a.
Jerry Seinfeld
b.
George Carlin
c.
Robin Williams
d.
Lenny Bruce
ANSWER:
b
72. Which of the following statements about the FCC and "fleeting expletives" in live TV shows
is NOT true?
a.
The FCC fining flurry was partially in response to campaigns against Howard Stern's
vulgarity and the Janet Jackson exposed-breast incident.
b.
In 2006, Congress increased the FCC's maximum allowable fine to $325,000 per
incident.
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c.
In 2010, a federal appeals court rejected the FCC's policy on the basis that it was too
vague.
d.
In 2010, a federal appeals court rejected Congress's increase of the FCC's maximum
allowable fine.
ANSWER:
d
73. Section 315 of the 1934 Communications Act requires broadcast stations to
a.
cover all sides of a controversy.
b.
give all qualified political candidates an equal opportunity to obtain airtime.
c.
provide response time for individuals attacked in a broadcast editorial.
d.
provide educational programming for children.
ANSWER:
b
74. The idea of net neutrality refers to
a.
laws that keep Internet providers from supporting a political candidate or party.
b.
the fact that the early design of the Internet happened in Switzerland.
c.
the belief that government should allow Internet providers to allow or block any
content they want.
d.
the belief that all wired Internet providers should be required to provide the same
access to all Internet services and content.
ANSWER:
d
75. One way to understand net neutrality is as a debate between all of the following groups
EXCEPT
a.
those who think the government needs to tier speed and access for all Internet services
and content
b.
those who think the Internet is an essential utility like water or electricity (and needs
more regulation) and those who think of it as an information service like cable TV
(and needs less regulation)
c.
those who want to see the FCC continue to push for strong net neutrality rules and
those who want to overturn the regulations that do exist
d.
those who want the same rules for broadband and wireless connections, and those who
think wireless connections should be exempt from certain rules
ANSWER:
a
