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If banks decide to hold some of their excess reserves instead of lending them all out:
the money multiplier will be less than 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.
a loan of $1 will lead to a change in the money supply by a multiple amount equal
to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.
the money multiplier becomes 1 divided by the excess reserves.
depositors will have to borrow more to increase the money supply.
Between 1929 and 1933, bank deposits fell:
as consumers spent more money to buy goods.
as fears of bank failures compelled depositors to withdraw their deposits.
and M1 rose as the currency holdings by customers decreased.
and banks lent more money to customers.
Holding everything else constant, if the required reserve ratio falls:
the money multiplier increases.
a $1 loan can lead to a smaller change in the money supply than before the change
in the required reserve ratio.
the amount of excess reserves falls also.
the money multiplier decreases.
When a bank borrows from the Federal Reserve, it pays the:
The federal funds rate is the rate:
a private borrower would pay a bank for a loan.
one bank would pay another bank for a loan of reserves.
a bank would pay the Federal Reserve for a loan of reserves.
the Federal Reserve would pay to borrow money from government.
Suppose the required reserve ratio increased from 10% to 20%. This would:
reduce the money multiplier from 10 to 5.
increase the amount of excess reserves available.
increase the money multiplier from 5 to 10.
not change the money multiplier.