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Page 13
a.
Osborne has a right, under the U.S. Constitution, of access to forensic evidence.
b.
Osborne’s rights under Alaska law were violated.
c.
there is no right under the U.S. Constitution of access to forensic evidence.
d.
DNA testing is too expensive to make it a constitutional right.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 1:58 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
34. In Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009), SCOTUS decided that the Sixth Amendment guarantees defendants what
right?
a.
the right to call an expert witness, but only to refute the prosecution’s expert witness
b.
the right to cross-examine forensic lab technicians
c.
the right to call expert witnesses
d.
the right to have use of forensic lab technicians
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:02 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 12:45 PM
35. Failure to recall a detail about a crime or to recognize the perpetrator is considered:
a.
an error of commission.
b.
faulty acquisition.
c.
an error of omission.
d.
retention failure.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 14
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:06 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
36. In a show-up, witnesses try to pick the suspect out of a group of individuals.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
The Constitution and Identification Procedures
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.01 - Understand that courts recognize a violation of due process as a
ground for rejecting pretrial identification procedures, but that due process challenges rarely
succeed.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:13 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
37. Eyewitness identification of strangers is low in reliability, even in the most ideal settings.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:16 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
38. Research indicates that 50 percent of defendants exonerated by DNA have cases involving mistaken eyewitness
identification.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 15
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:21 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
39. Eyewitness identifications are almost always rejected by the courts.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
The Constitution and Identification Procedures
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.02 - Know that identification procedures are rejected by courts only
when they’re unnecessarily suggestive and create a very substantial likelihood of
misidentification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:24 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
40. Forensic science produces some of the most powerful evidence imaginable.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:27 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
41. If a witness is attempting to identify a person of another race, the chances of misidentification are increased.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:30 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 16
42. SCOTUS has ruled that there is a constitutional right of access to forensic evidence.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:33 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
43. The reliability of lineups depends in part on making sure that there are enough people in them and that the people
share similar characteristics.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:36 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
44. Forensic science has almost no shortcomings.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:45 AM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 17
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
45. Show-ups are less reliable than lineups.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:52 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
46. When memories are acquired, the brain acts as a video recorder storing a stream of images.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.02 - Know that identification procedures are rejected by courts only
when they’re unnecessarily suggestive and create a very substantial likelihood of
misidentification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:55 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
47. In experimental research to study eyewitness identification, researchers stage crimes and question the unsuspecting
witnesses about what they saw.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 2:57 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 18
48. Suggestion is particularly powerful during the retention phase of memory.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
49. Eyewitness retrospective self-reports are the basis of identification testimony.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:39 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
50. One of the reforms suggested to improve eyewitness identification is to present the suspect and the fillers in a lineup
simultaneously.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.05 - Know the recommended reforms for criminal identification
procedures and appreciate the empirical research supporting these reforms.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:43 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
51. A procedure used for the identification of suspects whereby the suspect alone is presented to a witness for possible
identification is known as a(n) _______________.
ANSWER:
show-up
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 19
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
The Constitution and Identification Procedures
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.01 - Understand that courts recognize a violation of due process as a
ground for rejecting pretrial identification procedures, but that due process challenges rarely
succeed.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:48 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
52. The _______________ phase is when the brain stores information between the time of the crime and the lineup, show-
up, or photo identification.
ANSWER:
retention
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:54 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
53. Forensic science is the application of _______________ methods and techniques to investigating crimes.
ANSWER:
scientific
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:57 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
54. Researchers who study memory divide it into three stages: _______________, retention, and recall.
ANSWER:
acquisition
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 20
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:07 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
55. A person running an identification procedure who does not know the suspect is called a(n) _______________
_______________.
ANSWER:
blind administrator
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.05 - Know the recommended reforms for criminal identification
procedures and appreciate the empirical research supporting these reforms.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:10 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
56. An identification procedure in which a witness is shown multiple photographs is called a(n) _______________
_______________.
ANSWER:
photo array
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
The Constitution and Identification Procedures
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.01 - Understand that courts recognize a violation of due process as a
ground for rejecting pretrial identification procedures, but that due process challenges rarely
succeed.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:15 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
57. Eyewitness _______________ self-reports are the basis of identification testimony.
ANSWER:
retrospective
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:19 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
58. _______________ research about eyewitness identifications involves analyzing previously used identification
procedures in actual criminal cases.
ANSWER:
Archival
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:22 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
59. A witness’s identification is susceptible to _______________, a powerful contributor to mistaken identity during
memory retrieval.
ANSWER:
suggestion
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Social Science and Mistaken Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.03 - Understand and appreciate the empirical research regarding human
memory and its impact on identification procedures in criminal cases.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:25 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
60. The composition of the lineup and the _______________ given prior to the lineup influence identifications.
ANSWER:
instructions
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Completion
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:29 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
61. Discuss the importance of pre-lineup instructions for identification procedures using lineups.
ANSWER:
Suggestion is particularly powerful, and most threatening to accuracy, after a crime has been
committed. Suggestions that come from others add to what a witness believes they observed
during the crime. These added “facts” are then mentally stored in a witness’s memory. When
the witness later is asked to recall the event at trial, the witness testifies about these suggested
facts as if they were things the witness had actually observed.
through the trouble of arranging such a procedure. So witnesses often tell themselves the
culprit has to be there and feel pressured to identify somebody.
Much of the psychological research into eyewitness identifications suggests that officials
should use the may-or-may-not-be present instruction—the person administering the
procedure tells a witness before they view the lineup that the suspect may or may not be
present. The research shows that if this instruction is not given, misidentifications are more
likely than if it is given. Administrators can bias the lineup identification even more by
telling a witness that police have already found the perpetrator, that police know who the
perpetrator is, or that police have plenty of evidence against the perpetrator.
Administrators can also give witnesses other verbal and nonverbal cues that may not be
intentional or even done consciously.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.04 - Understand that empirical research has demonstrated that factors
such as lineup composition, neutrality of lineup administrators, pre-lineup instructions, and
the way the lineup is presented can be suggestive and affect the accuracy of identification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Apply
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:32 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
62. Identify and explain the shortcomings of forensic evidence. Provide examples of how these shortcomings might apply
to criminal cases.
ANSWER:
In his interrogation of flawed forensic evidence, Professor Roger Koppl (2007, 3–5), an
economist associated with the libertarian Reason Foundation, lists eight features of current
forensic science that reduce the quality of forensic practitioners’ work: monopoly,
dependence bias, poor quality control, information sharing, no division of labor between
forensic analysis and interpretation, lack of forensic counsel, lack of competition among
forensic counselors, and public ownership. Examples of application to criminal cases will
vary.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Forensic Science and Identification Evidence
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.06 - Know that DNA technology has prompted the reevaluation of many
past convictions and led not only to exonerations of the innocent, but also further proof
against the guilty. Understand that forensic science can provide compelling evidence of guilt
but also suffers serious shortcomings.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Apply
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:37 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
(1) The identification procedure was unnecessarily and impermissibly suggestive.
(2) The totality of circumstances proves that the procedures created a very substantial
likelihood of misidentification.
Five circumstances (factors) make up the “totality of circumstances” under the due process
test:
(1) witness’s opportunity to view defendants at the time of the crime
(2) witness’s degree of attention at the time of the crime
(3) witness’s accuracy of description of defendants before the identification
(4) witness’s level of certainty when identifying defendants at the identification
(5) the length of time between the crime and the identification procedure
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
The Constitution and Identification Procedures
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.02 - Know that identification procedures are rejected by courts only
when they’re unnecessarily suggestive and create a very substantial likelihood of
misidentification.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Apply
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:46 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
64. Discuss what psychologists know about the confidence eyewitnesses have in their identifications and how that
confidence will impact a case.
ANSWER:
Studies show that eyewitnesses certainty can have some value, but only when no suggestive
identification procedures are used. When such procedures are used, research shows that they
increase the confidence of witnesses who pick the wrong person.
Research shows that witnesses forget that they were uncertain at the moment of
identification. They come to believe they were certain all along. Research also shows that a
boost in confidence is stronger in mistaken witnesses than in witnesses who are correct.
Finally, when the persons administrating the procedures make remarks that boost witnesses’
confidence, they become even more certain about their identifications.
Witnesses’ certainty in their identifications affects jury decisions, but it also affects whether a
prosecutor will file charges against a suspect or go to trial versus negotiate a plea.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
65. Examine the reforms that legal experts suggest courts can implement to improve eyewitness identification reliability.
ANSWER:
The following are reforms that legal experts suggest courts can implement to improve
eyewitness identification reliability:
(1) a per se rule excluding all evidence that was gathered using suggestive identification
procedures
(2) looser standards for admitting expert testimony on human perception and memory and the
problems with eyewitness identifications
(3) a requirement for corroboration of eyewitness identifications in some cases, especially
cases involving cross-racial identifications
(4) mandated use of certain police identification procedures, such as sequential lineups
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Psychological Research and Eyewitness Identification
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.09.05 - Know the recommended reforms for criminal identification
procedures and appreciate the empirical research supporting these reforms.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:53 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:59 AM
