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1. The U.S. government can be sued for the constitutional torts of federal law enforcement officers who have the authority
to search and arrest under:
a.
the Bivens rule.
b.
the Federal Tort Claims Act.
c.
§ 1983.
d.
state tort law.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:28 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
2. The legal doctrine of holding employers liable for wrongs committed by employees who are acting in the scope of
employment is known as:
a.
no duty to protect.
b.
sovereign immunity.
c.
color of law.
d.
respondeat superior.
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.02 – Know that civil actions against (a) the federal government and its
officers; (b) local, county, and state officers, law enforcement agencies, and government
units; and (c) other government employees are controlled by different statutes, court
decisions, and government units.
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.05 – Know that plaintiffs can sue local governments instead of, or in
addition to, suing local officers. Understand the complexities and limitations of suing local
governments.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:31 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
3. How do victims of government violations of individuals’ constitutional rights sue for damages?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
b.
vicarious official immunity
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.02 – Know that civil actions against (a) the federal government and its
officers; (b) local, county, and state officers, law enforcement agencies, and government
units; and (c) other government employees are controlled by different statutes, court
decisions, and government units.
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:44 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
4. What are lawsuits against individual law enforcement officers called?
a.
Bivens actions
b.
Gaines actions
c.
respondeat actions
d.
government actions
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:50 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
5. All of the following are stages of internal review, except:
a.
investigation.
b.
arbitration.
c.
deliberation.
d.
disposition.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:52 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
6. Prosecutors enjoy different types of immunity, depending on the type of action they are engaged in at the time of the
misconduct. What is this type of immunity called?
a.
absolute immunity
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c.
functional immunity
d.
qualified immunity
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Suing Judges and Prosecutors
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.07 – Understand that judges enjoy absolute immunity, and prosecutors
have functional immunity.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 3:57 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
7. SCOTUS has put which of the following limitations on § 1983 actions?
a.
They can only be brought for negligent acts.
b.
They can only be brought against government bodies.
c.
They can only be brought against senior government administrators.
d.
They can only be brought for deliberate acts.
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.04 – Know the role of Civil Rights Act actions in holding law
enforcement officials responsible for violating the constitutional rights of individuals.
Understand the limitations of lawsuits brought against states and their officers.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:00 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
8. Not all states have adopted which doctrine?
a.
doctrine of sovereign immunity
b.
doctrine of official immunity
c.
doctrine of respondeat superior
d.
doctrine of tort action
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.05 – Know that plaintiffs can sue local governments instead of, or in
addition to, suing local officers. Understand the complexities and limitations of suing local
governments.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:02 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
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Page 4
9. According to the defense of official immunity, an officer is personally liable:
a.
for any unintentional misconduct while on duty.
b.
for any willful or malicious misconduct.
c.
for any failure to act while exercising personal discretion.
d.
for exercising personal judgment.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.04 – Know the role of Civil Rights Act actions in holding law
enforcement officials responsible for violating the constitutional rights of individuals.
Understand the limitations of lawsuits brought against states and their officers.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:06 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
10. Bivens actions are:
a.
constitutional tort actions against federal officers.
b.
prohibited against officials who act under color of authority.
c.
not required to show unreasonable legal action by the defendants.
d.
banned against federal officials.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:08 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
11. The first U.S. _______________ case was DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989).
a.
civil action
b.
duty-to-protect
c.
limited liability
d.
strict liability
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.04 – Know the role of Civil Rights Act actions in holding law
enforcement officials responsible for violating the constitutional rights of individuals.
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Understand the limitations of lawsuits brought against states and their officers.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:11 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
12. According to Pinder v. Johnson, involving a lawsuit by a mother against a police officer and others for the death of
her children in a fire:
a.
public officials owe private citizens the right to protect them from one another.
b.
a violation of clearly established law is not recoverable.
c.
the due process clause does not require government actors to affirmatively protect life.
d.
an affirmative duty to protect life can never arise on the part of government officials.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:14 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
13. According to Pinder v. Johnson, involving a lawsuit by a mother against police officers and others for the death of her
children in a fire:
a.
the due process clauses create an official duty to protect life.
b.
a duty to protect life can arise when the state restrains citizens from acting on their own behalf.
c.
an affirmative duty to protect life can never arise on the part of government officials.
d.
government action can never create a duty to protect life.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:17 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
14. What kind of immunity do judges have from civil lawsuits for actions they take while performing their official judicial
duties?
a.
official immunity
b.
functional immunity
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c.
sovereign immunity
d.
absolute immunity
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Suing Judges and Prosecutors
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.07 – Understand that judges enjoy absolute immunity, and prosecutors
have functional immunity.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:20 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
15. Who are always protected by absolute immunity from civil lawsuits while they are performing their official duties?
a.
judges
b.
prosecutors
c.
juries
d.
police officers
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Suing Judges and Prosecutors
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.07 – Understand that judges enjoy absolute immunity, and prosecutors
have functional immunity.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:22 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
16. According to SCOTUS, there is an exception to the no-duty-to-protect rule called the special-relationship exception.
That special relationship is:
a.
dependent on the crime committed.
b.
custody.
c.
while a suspect is being interrogated.
d.
when a warrant is being served.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:25 AM
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Page 7
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
17. What must the prosecution prove to charge police officers with a crime?
a.
criminal success
b.
criminal suspicion
c.
criminal intent
d.
criminal conspiracy
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Criminal Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.01 – Understand that most police misconduct can also be a crime. Know
that police are rarely charged or convicted for criminal misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:28 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
18. The most common mechanism for holding police officers accountable for their misconduct is:
a.
a tort lawsuit.
b.
a § 1983 lawsuit.
c.
a letter of complaint.
d.
administrative review and discipline.
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:30 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
19. Internal review of police misconduct involves:
a.
review by civilians.
b.
review by special officers in the department.
c.
review by a special master appointed by the court.
d.
review by officers in another police department.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:33 AM
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Page 8
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
20. The major objection to internal review of police misconduct is that:
a.
police officers do not trust the officers conducting the investigation of misconduct.
b.
police departments have to divert resources away from fighting crime.
c.
the police should not be policing themselves.
d.
external review is less expensive and better received by the media.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:36 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
21. Police officers and government agencies cannot be sued for failing to stop private people from inflicting injuries on
others. This is known as the:
a.
no-special-relationship rule.
b.
no-affirmative-duty-to-protect rule.
c.
state-did-not-create-the-danger rule.
d.
avoid-danger rule.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
22. When the government takes people into custody against their will, the government:
a.
does not have a duty to protect them from being injured by other private persons.
b.
created danger by taking them into custody, so it must protect them.
c.
must protect them, because a special relationship has been created with the people in custody, who cannot
protect themselves.
d.
has the duty to protect the people in custody only from harm by government officers.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
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Page 9
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:41 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
23. Research about the effectiveness of civilian review boards shows that:
a.
they are very effective in investigating police misconduct.
b.
civilians are not well equipped to evaluate police misconduct.
c.
it is difficult to measure their effectiveness.
d.
most large cities do not use civilian review, so data is lacking.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:43 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:05 PM
24. Research indicates that:
a.
civilian review procedures rarely sustain citizens’ complaints about the police.
b.
civilian review procedures overwhelmingly sustain citizens’ complaints about the police.
c.
civilian review boards refuse to hear many of the complaints filed against the police.
d.
most civilian review boards are allowed to take disciplinary action against police officers.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:48 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
25. In Beltran v. City of El Paso (2004), the Court ruled that:
a.
a 911 operator had an affirmative duty to protect a mother and her daughter from their husband and father,
who murdered them.
b.
a 911 operator had no affirmative duty to protect a mother and daughter from their husband and father, who
murdered them.
c.
the 911 operator violated the due process rights of the murdered mother and daughter, due to the operator’s
failure to protect them.
d.
the 911 operator violated the constitutional rights of the murdered mother and daughter, due to the operator
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Page 10
conveying untruthful information.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:50 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
26. According to the defense of _______________, individual officers can’t be held personally liable for their official
actions if the actions meet the test of objective legal reasonableness.
a.
qualified immunity
b.
good faith
c.
the Bivens umbrella
d.
the law enforcement exception
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:53 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
27. Victims of unconstitutional conduct by police officers can bring civil actions to collect damages for injuries suffered.
Who can the victims sue for damages?
a.
the individual officers
b.
the officers’ superiors
c.
law enforcement agencies
d.
Any or all of these can be sued.
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Criminal Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.01 – Understand that most police misconduct can also be a crime. Know
that police are rarely charged or convicted for criminal misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:55 AM
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Page 11
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 12:51 PM
28. What is the name given to the group inside the police department that reviews police misconduct?
a.
the internal affairs unit
b.
the internal civilian review board
c.
the external civilian review unit
d.
the misconduct review unit
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 4:58 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
29. Which of the following is statistically the single greatest cause of injury to women in America?
a.
homicide by strangers
b.
domestic violence
c.
drinking and driving
d.
sexual assault
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Law Enforcement Duty to Protect
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.06 – Understand that the Constitution places no duty on officers to
protect individuals from each other, and that it doesn’t create a right of private parties to sue
officers for failing to prevent crime. Understand the “special relationship” and “state-created
danger” exceptions to the no-duty-to-protect rule.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 5:01 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
30. Which legal doctrine prohibits people from suing the government without its consent?
a.
qualified immunity
b.
absolute immunity
c.
official immunity
d.
sovereign immunity
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
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Page 12
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 5:05 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
31. The Federal Tort Claims Act:
a.
waives sovereign immunity and allows lawsuits against the federal government for the constitutional torts of
its officers.
b.
allows citizens to submit damage claims resulting from constitutional torts to a panel charged with deciding if
the claim should be paid.
c.
upholds the government’s sovereign immunity from lawsuit.
d.
only allows lawsuits against the individual officers involved.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Civil Actions
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.03 – Understand constitutional tort actions (Bivens actions) against
officers and Federal Tort Claims Act actions against public institutions.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 5:07 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
32. Internal review consists of four consecutive stages: intake, investigation, deliberation, and:
a.
disposition.
b.
conclusion.
c.
resolution.
d.
conviction.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Administrative Remedies
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CRPR.SAMA.18.11.08 – Know the role of administrative action in remedying misconduct.
KEYWORDS:
BLOOM’S: Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/5/2017 5:10 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/6/2017 2:40 AM
33. Heightening the possibility of a successful Bivens action requires the plaintiff to prove that an officer was acting under
the color of the law, and that the officer:
a.
willfully neglected the person’s request for help because of higher priority requests.
b.
used reasonable force to arrest but injured the person nonetheless.
c.
deprived the person of a constitutional right.
d.
produced an observable physical injury to the person.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1