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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. War crimes are defined differently by various nations who each have their own doctrine of universal human rights.
a. True
b. False
2. St. Augustine was one of the first we know of to write in support of the justification of some wars.
a. True
b. False
3. One problem for achieving world peace, according to experts, is the reduction in the proliferation of weapons.
a. True
b. False
4. The principle of double effect used by the principle of discrimination holds that there is a difference between directly
intending some end and foreseeing that one’s actions might result in that end.
a. True
b. False
5. To be a pacifist is the same thing as to be a conscientious objector.
a. True
b. False
6. According to the last resort requirement, we should try “everything” short of war first.
a. True
b. False
7. According to the principle of discrimination, it is wrong to ever do what risks deaths of civilians in war.
a. True
b. False
8. One long-standing element of both international law and just war theory is the inviolability of civilians or
noncombatants.
a. True
b. False
9. A value neutral definition of terrorism is the use of force to destroy property or kill people who are not directly
involved in the matters being protested.
a. True
b. False
10. That violence can never lead to peace is a deontological reason supporting pacifism.
a. True
b. False
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11. All forms of pacifism hold that violence is always wrong.
a. True
b. False
12. Just War theory has an initial presumption against war that must be overcome by the fulfillment of certain
requirements.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
13. According to your text, what is the most immediate goal of terrorism?
a. To vent anger.
b. To create push a political or religious ideology.
c. To create fear.
d. To assert value.
14. What are the two principles to the jus in bello part of the just war theory?
a. The principle of enlightenment and the principle of retribution.
b. The principle of retaliation and the principle of compensatory justice.
c. The principle of proportionality and the principle of discrimination.
d. The principle of non-proliferation and the principle of non-engagement.
15. The first Geneva Convention was formulated in 1864 to
a. Establish rules for the conduct of war.
b. Establish standards for the treatment of prisoners.
c. Protect the sick and wounded.
d. Set a basis for prosecuting war crimes.
16. To agree that the reduction of privacy rights to gain greater security is an example of ________ reasoning.
a. Utilitarian
b. Kantian
c. Relativism
d. Natural law
17. Which of these characteristics is not part of the United States’ State Department definition of “terrorism?”
a. Political motivation in violence perpetrated against noncombatants.
b. Conflicts motivated by local grievances rather than governmental decisions.
c. It can be committed by a nation state or noncombatants through excessive force.
d. It is committed by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
18. The idea that killing is wrong, but my killing is OK violates which of our ethical theories?
a. Relativism
b. Categorical imperative
c. Utilitarianism
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d. Egoism
19. Most terrorists are
a. Well educated and middle class.
b. Poor and desperate.
c. Ignorant and easily manipulated.
d. Rich and bored.
20. What does the proportionality principle require?
a. It requires that, before employing biochemical weapons, we weigh the relative advantages of conventional
weapons as a viable alternative.
b. It requires that, before engaging in war or the use of force, we consider the likely costs and benefits of doing so,
as opposed to choosing alternative courses of action (or no action).
c. It requires that, before considering non-violence, we consider the likelihood of international repercussions.
d. It requires that, before we call a war “just” we commence a values-assessment and consult political and religious
leaders.
21. Which of the following is not a rationale for pacifism?
a. Nonviolent means work better than violent means.
b. To kill people is wrong in itself.
c. Setting an example of nonviolent resolution encourages negotiation.
d. Pacifism encourages the enemy to lay down its defenses.
22. What kind of reasoning is found in the just cause principle?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Natural law
c. Relativism
d. Categorical imperative
23. What would be a nonconsequentialist justification for pacificism?
a. Killing is economically costly.
b. Killing leads to pain and suffering
c. Killing only leads to more killing.
d. Killing is wrong in and of itself.
Label the items below as one of these Requirements for a Just War: Just Cause (JC), Proportionality (P), Last Resort (LR),
Right Intention (RI), Discrimination (D). Also tell whether the requirement is one for going to war (Jus ad Bellum: JAB),
or conduct in war (Jus in Bello: JIB).
24. The good to be achieved by some action must not be outweighed by the costs to do so.
25. There must be some serious or weighty reason that justifies the initial presumption against war.
26. This requirement makes bombing of civilian populations unacceptable.
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27. We should always remember that we are aiming toward achieving peace and do nothing that will make this less
difficult to achieve.
28. We should not directly and intentionally target non-combatants, but only those who are a threat to us.
29. What is a war crime? When answering this question, be sure to describe the three different categories of war crime
established through the Nuremberg trials. Be sure to address and explain the moral theories underpinning the idea of a war
crime. Finally, what would the realist approach to war say about the idea of a war crime and the justifications for that
idea?
30. Explain just war theory. Why is it considered an intermediate moral approach to war (between pacifism and realism)?
In your explanation, be specific about the essential differences between just war theory and pacifism, and between just
war theory and realism.
31. Explain the realist approach to war. What are the moral justifications for realism? Why are there no deontological
justifications for realism given in your text?
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Answer Key
1. False
2. True
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