Name:
Class:
Date:
chapter 16
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 1
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. The view known as deep ecology is most essentially concerned with the idea that people depend on their environment
in many ways.
a. True
b. False
2. Cost benefit analyses involve both assessments and evaluations.
a. True
b. False
3. Because human interests in a livable environment often compete with other human economic interests, many find cost-
benefit analyses useful for judging, weighing, and comparing benefits and costs.
a. True
b. False
4. Some ecofeminists believe that the source of our environmental problems lies in the fact that we relate to nature by
trying to assert dominance over it.
a. True
b. False
5. Anthropocentrists value nature for its own sake.
a. True
b. False
6. To say that a wilderness has prima facie value means that it must be preserved no matter what the cost to do so.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
7. Ecocentrism relies on what form of moral reasoning?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Kantian
c. Relativism
d. Natural law
8. The article by William Baxter utilized primarily _____________ reasoning.
a. Natural law
b. Ecocentric
c. Relativism
d. Anthropocentric
9. The word environment comes from an Old French word meaning
a. Nature.
Name:
Class:
Date:
chapter 16
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 2
b. Earth.
c. Turning around in.
d. A small boat.
10. Ecocentrists are distinguished by their rejection of the anthropocentric idea that _____________.
a. Only humans have intrinsic value.
b. The environment does not matter.
c. Endangered species are of no concern.
d. Global warming is not a true concept.
11. What does it mean for ecocentrists to regard a tree or a fish as a moral patient?
a. It means that we must care for these life forms as a medical doctor cares for patients.
b. It means that we must care for these life forms for their own sake, and not just for the sake of how it might
ultimately impact us.
c. It means that we can have indirect, rather than direct duties to these life forms.
d. It means that we must, like physicians, “do no harm” when it comes to these life forms.
12. In Deep Ecology, through what means is happiness gained?
a. Through simple communion with one’s local ecosystem.
b. Through meditation and deep thought.
c. Through possession of things.
d. Through the search for satisfaction of wants and desires.
13. According to anthropocentrism, what has intrinsic value?
a. Humans only.
b. Humans and the resources necessary to sustain human life.
c. All intelligent life.
d. The entire ecosystem.
14. The old Native American saying, “before you act, consider the consequences on the next seven generations,” is best
described as what kind of thinking?
a. Ecocentrism
b. Utilitarianism
c. Anthropocentric
d. Relativistic
15. What does a biocentrist/ecocentrist believe?
a. A biocentrist believes that biology, not nurture, is the major determining factor in human development.
b. A biocentrist believes that only biology can supply answers to fundamental problems facing the environment.
c. A biocentrist believes that intrinsic value is not limited to humans
d. A biocentrist believes that biological organisms may have a higher moral status than cyborgs, but they are not as
physiologically advanced.
16. How, in Aldo Leopold’s ethics, are right actions to be distinguished from wrong ones?
a. Right actions ensure the continuity of the natural world for future generations; wrong actions rob them of that
inheritance.
Name:
Class:
Date:
chapter 16
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 3
b. Right actions act in such a way that all members of the biotic community could will them simultaneously; wrong
actions use some members as means.
c. Right actions tend to preserve the stability and beauty of nature; wrong actions tend to do otherwise.
d. Right actions preserve nature as a productive resource for valuable ends; wrong actions destroy it.
Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
17. Which of the following philosophical movements does your text associate with American Transcendentalism?
a. Existentialism
b. Utilitarianism
c. Romantic idealism
d. Empiricism
Label as Anthropocentric (A) or Ecocentric (E):
18. I’m going to work for that anti-pollution measure because if it doesn’t pass even my own local rivers will be damaged,
and then my health might be endangered and my sports and aesthetic interests in the rivers threatened.
19. A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.
20. We ought to be concerned with the “greenhouse effect” and the resulting climate changes that may make life unfit for
human beings.
21. If there is no overriding reason to pluck the flower then I ought to let it be for its own good is to continue existing.
22. If we destroy that species, then our children and our children’s children will not be able to enjoy it.
23. We ought to preserve wildernesses because they provide a place for personal rejuvenation, and aesthetic and mystic
experiences.
24. We ought to preserve the tropical rain forests because they are the sole source of lifesaving medicines like quinine, our
most potent weapon against malaria.
25. What is Transcendentalism? Name some main proponents of Transcendentalism and discuss both its precedents as
well as its influence on subsequent environmental movements. Which contemporary approaches to environmental ethics
strike you as closest to the Transcendentalists?
26. Contrast an anthropocentric and an ecocentric view on deforestation. Consider specific forms of each approach, and
the way each employs the various moral perspectives you’ve learned about in your text. Which approach do you most
agree with, and why?
27. What is the main disagreement, as described in your text, between ecofeminism and deep ecology. How does this
difference affect the way the two perspectives approach environmental advocacy? When answering, be sure to consider
the diversity of views within the ecofeminist tradition.
Name:
Class:
Date:
chapter 16
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 4
Answer Key
1. False
2. True
Name:
Class:
Date:
chapter 16