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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. According to the principle of equality, in order to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social
benefits one need only show that there are real differences between them.
a. True
b. False
2. Slavery was prohibited by the Nineteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
a. True
b. False
3. Affirmative action programs presume that past discrimination and its resulting present disadvantage are relevant
reasons for differential treatment.
a. True
b. False
4. The U.S. Supreme Court concluded in the Bakke decision that consideration of race in school admissions was
unconstitutional.
a. True
b. False
5. When giving a consequentialist argument for affirmative action one need show only that these programs can have good
consequences.
a. True
b. False
6. There are still wide disparities in employment statistics between whites and Blacks in the U.S.
a. True
b. False
7. According to the principle of equality, a society that preferred women for the respected and highly paid position of
financial advisor would be justified in doing so if it could be proven that women by nature were more talented in such
matters than men.
a. True
b. False
8. The principle of equality is a nonconsequentialist moral principle.
a. True
b. False
9. Arguments for affirmative action based on reasons of compensatory justice must show that compensation to members
of certain groups is justified.
a. True
b. False
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10. Biases may be unconscious.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
11. What was ruled in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education?
a. That affirmative action in elementary schools was illegal and unconstitutional.
b. That students could not be rejected from college on religious grounds.
c. That affirmative action at Brown University was inherently discriminatory.
d. That “separate but equal” educational facilities were unconstitutional.
12. “It is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny to some of them significant social benefits unless we can
show that there is a difference between them that is relevant to the differential treatment.” This quote supports the
principle of
a. Justice.
b. Equal pay for equal work.
c. Equality.
d. Reverse discrimination.
13. Which point does Fullinwider intend to make with the “Land of Giants” thought experiment?
a. That Affirmative Action is the only viable strategy.
b. That people who benefit from discriminatory practices realize that the practices are morally wrong.
c. That those who seem like giants today will be viewed as small people tomorrow.
d. That well-intentioned people may perpetuate discrimination that is invisible to them.
14. What was the significance of the Bakke decision and the University of Michigan cases?
a. They reaffirmed the separation of church and state by denying Catholic schools the right to federal tax dollars.
b. They forbade the use of racial quotas in school admissions, but allowed some consideration of race in admissions
decisions.
c. They forbade the use of race considerations in school admissions, but allow gender quotas in admissions decisions.
d. They forbade any consideration of race in school admissions decisions.
15. Which amendment to the US Constitution gave black women the right to vote?
a. 24th
b. 19th
c. 14th
d. 13th
16. Which of the following objections to affirmative action programs is raised by consequentialist critics?
a. They are fundamentally unfair.
b. They are tantamount to reverse discrimination.
c. They mainly benefit middle-class rather than lower-class African Americans.
d. They violate principles of equality and impartiality.
17. The people affected by secondary racism or sexism are
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a. Directly affected by discriminatory words and acts.
b. Less severely affected than victims of primary racism.
c. Invariably silent sufferers, because the forms of discrimination are so subtle.
d. Indirectly affected by differential policies that have an unintended discriminatory effect.
18. According to the principle of equality, it is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social
benefits unless which of the following is demonstrated?
a. That they are illegal immigrants.
b. That they or their families have materially benefited from past discrimination.
c. That they or their families have materially suffered from past discrimination.
d. That they are relevantly different in ways that justify differential treatment.
19. All of the following are examples of types of affirmative action except:
a. Firing employees to reach racial balance.
b. Setting quotas to reach a more representative racial balance.
c. Using preferences among equally qualified candidates.
d. Enlarging the pool of candidates before choosing on the basis of qualifications.
Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
20. Critics of racialism generally agree that race is
a. a social construct.
b. a necessary evil.
c. no longer a factor in social policymaking.
d. a legitimate basis for unequal treatment (in accordance with the principle of equality).
Label the following examples of arguments regarding Preferential Treatment as appealing to considerations of Justice (J),
or to Consequentialist considerations (C)
21. By using race or sex to favor some groups we are using an irrelevant characteristic and this is not right.
22. If we hire people according to their sex or race, they will have less self-esteem than if they are hired on competence.
23. It is not fair to prefer a woman or minority group member over a more well qualified applicant for this is to use an
irrelevant difference as a basis for differential treatment.
24. Simply trying to get rid of overt unjust discrimination has not had the desired effect of bringing certain groups into the
mainstream, and thus more drastic measures are necessary.
25. Just as race or sex were wrongly used in the past to treat people differently, so also is their use just as inherently
wrong in present form in preferential treatment programs.
26. The fact that some people because of past discrimination are now in a socially disadvantaged position is a relevant
reason to treat them differently but now in ways that advantage them.
27. We ought to realize that if we continue with programs of preferential treatment there will likely be a white male
backlash and this will make it even more difficult to achieve racial or sexual equality.
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28. If young girls and blacks, for example, have more role models in certain professions, they will be more likely to seek
those positions, and if this is possible only through affirmative action programs, then we ought to support such programs.
29. Compare and contrast critical race theorists’ critique of racial bias (such as Appiah’s) and critiques of gender biases
(such as Butler’s). What similarities can you find in their understandings of race and gender, respectively, and how do
these understandings influence their agendas for correcting the problems of racism and gender discrimination?
30. Explain the distinctions and relationships between the terms ‘prejudice,’ ‘racism,’ and ‘structural racism.’
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Answer Key
1. False
2. False
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