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Chapter 13 Test A
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1. Which of the following problems would likely require a hypothetical explanation?
a. Why you apply sunscreen when you go to the beach.
b. Why your gas powered lawnmower refuses to start.
c. Why you spray fertilizer on the plants in your garden.
d. Why you get a haircut.
e. Why the fish you put in the refrigerator a week ago smells bad.
2. Suppose an implication derived from a hypotheses turns out to be false. This occurrence:
a. Indicates that the hypothesis was derived inductively.
b. Shows that the hypothesis should never have been formulated.
c. Proves that the hypothesis is grounded in defective reasoning.
d. Indicates that the hypothesis was derived deductively.
e. Provides evidence that the hypothesis is false.
3. The key problem underlying the discovery of radium was:
a. Why certain isotopes of thorium are radioactive.
b. Why uranium has the power to darken photographic plates.
c. Why pitchblende emits rays that are stronger than rays emitted by pure uranium.
d. Why rays emitted by thorium are stronger than rays emitted by uranium.
e. Why X-rays are stronger than rays emitted by pure uranium.
4. One of the implications of the radium hypothesis was:
a. Mixing pure uranium with impurities would increase the emission of rays.
b. Mixing uranium with radioactive thorium would increase the emission of rays.
c. Mixing pitchblende with impurities would increase the emission of rays.
d. An electrometer could be used to measure the intensity of the rays emitted by pitchblende.
e. An electrometer could be used to measure the intensity of X-rays.
5. One of the hypotheses involved in the discovery of radium was:
a. Pure uranium contained an unknown element later known as radium.
b. The intense rays emitted by pitchblende were caused by uranium.
c. The intense rays emitted by pitchblende were caused by impurities in the crystals.
d. It would be possible to produce a radioactive isotope of barium.
e. Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements was incorrect in some respects.
6. An implication of the hypothesis leading to the discovery of Neptune was:
a. Examination of the orbit of Neptune would reveal the existence of a ninth planet.
b. A powerful telescope could detect a previously unseen satellite of Uranus.
c. The gravitational field of Uranus caused perturbations in the orbit of Saturn.
d. Directing a telescope to a particular region of the sky would reveal a new planet.
e. The combined mass of Neptune and Uranus was less than the mass of Saturn.
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Chapter 13 Test A
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7. Prior to the discovery of atmospheric pressure, the failure of wine to pour from the bottom of a barrel unless an opening
was made in the top was explained by:
a. The Empedoclean theory of the four elements.
b. The Aristotelian theory of natural place.
c. The fact that all seventeenth century wine barrels were made from oak.
d. The fact that fermentation produces sediment, which clogs the tap.
e. The principle that nature abhors a vacuum.
8. One of the problems that led to the discovery of atmospheric pressure was:
a. Why Gasparo Berti’s experiment worked in Rome but not in Florence.
b. Why it was impossible to siphon mercury from one container to another.
c. Why suction pumps failed to work on mountain tops.
d. Why the water in Gasparo Berti’s glass pipe always descended to the same level.
e. Why water boils at a lower temperature on mountaintops than it does at sea level.
9. One of the implications of the atmospheric pressure hypothesis was:
a. It is impossible to produce a pure vacuum.
b. The pressure of the atmosphere would support a column of mercury about 29 inches high.
c. The pressure of the atmosphere is higher on mountaintops than it is in valleys.
d. The pressure of the atmosphere would support a column of water about 29 inches high.
e. Water freezes at a lower temperature at sea level than it does on mountaintops.
10. The theory of spontaneous generation held that:
a. Life arises spontaneously from lifeless matter.
b. Life arises spontaneously from sexual reproduction.
c. Life arises spontaneously from various forms of vegetable nutrients.
d. Life arises only from other forms of life.
e. Life arises spontaneously from the action of an electric spark on certain amino acids.
11. One of Pasteur’s hypotheses was that:
a. Boiling a nutrient solution destroyed its “vegetative force.”
b. Worms in rotting meat are caused by flies.
c. A microscope would reveal multiple life forms in pond water.
d. Heating oxygen destroyed its capacity to produce life.
e. Life forms are carried by dust particles in the atmosphere.
12. An example of an empirical hypothesis is:
a. Life comes only from life.
b. Nature abhors a vacuum.
c. An undiscovered planet is responsible for deviations in the orbit of Uranus.
d. Life is spontaneously generated from lifeless matter.
e. Space and time are relative to each other.
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Chapter 13 Test A
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13. The ability of Kepler’s hypothesis to account for the position of the planets with greater accuracy than Copernicus’s
relates to the issue of:
a. External consistency.
b. Adequacy.
c. Fruitfulness.
d. Internal coherence.
e. Reductivity.
14. The ability of the atmospheric pressure hypothesis to link the behavior of barometers with the behavior of siphons and
vacuum pumps is an illustration of:
a. Internal coherence.
b. External consistency.
c. Fruitfulness.
d. Adequacy.
e. Reductivity.
15. The ability of Pasteur’s hypothesis to suggest procedures for maintaining sterile conditions in hospitals is an
illustration of:
a. Internal coherence.
b. Adequacy.
c. External consistency.
d. Fruitfulness.
e. Reductivity.