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Chapter 10 Test A
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1. When we say that electrically charged particles in the atmosphere cause lightning, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a:
a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Relative and an absolute condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
e. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
2. When we say that stubbing your toe causes you to feel pain, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a:
a. Relative and an absolute condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
e. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
3. When we say that applying a force to the end of a coil spring causes the spring to stretch, we mean ’cause’ in the sense
of a:
a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
Table 1A
Given the following table:
Possible Conditions
Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon
1 * – – – * – –
2 * * – * – – *
3 – * – – * * –
4 – * * * * * *
5 * – – * – – –
6 – * * – – * *
4. What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1A?
a. D is a sufficient but not necessary condition for the phenomenon.
b. A is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. E is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
5. What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1A?
a. The method of concomitant variation.
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b. The joint method of agreement and difference.
c. The method of difference.
d. An unnamed method.
e. The method of agreement.
Table 2A
Given the following table:
Possible Conditions
Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon
1 * – * * * * *
2 * * – * * – *
3 * * – * * * *
4 * * * – * * *
5 – * – * * * *
6 * – * – * – *
6. What cause is suggested by the information in Table 2A?
a. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
b. A is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
7. What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 2A?
a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of concomitant variation.
Table 3A
Given the following table:
Possible Conditions
Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon
1 * * * – * * *
2 – * * * * – *
3 – – * – * * –
4 * * – * – * *
5 * – – * – – –
6 * * – – * * *
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8. What cause is suggested by the information in Table 3A?
a. F is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. A is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. B is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
9. What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3A?
a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
b. The method of residues.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of agreement.
e. The method of concomitant variation.
Table 4A
Given the following table:
Possible Conditions
Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon
1 * * * * * * *
2 * * * – * * –
10. What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4A?
a. E is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. F is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
11. What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 4A?
a. The method of difference.
b. The method of concomitant variation.
c. The method of agreement.
d. The method of residues.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Table 5A
Given the following table:
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Possible Conditions
Occurrence A B C D E F Phenomenon
1 * – – * * – –
2 * * * * – * *
3 – * * – * * *
4 * – – – – * –
5 * * – * * – *
6 – * * – * * –
12. What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5A?
a. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
b. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
13. Suppose that the owner of an older model Porsche Carrera notices that it takes 7 percent longer for her car to
accelerate from zero to sixty than it did when the car was new. From a book relating to relevant parameters, she calculates
that 2 percent of the reduction can be attributed to the fact that the car now has larger tires. Also, the alcohol content of the
gas accounts for 2 percent, dirty spark plugs for 1 percent, and the fact that she now lives in Los Angeles, where the air is
thicker than it was in Denver, where she bought the car, accounts for 1 percent. The owner attributes the remaining 1
percent to general aging of the engine. What method did the owner use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of concomitant variation.
e. The method of residues.
14. Suppose that a philosophy professor is able to monitor the amount of time her logic students spend working on a
computerized tutorial program. When the students spend 5 hours on the program, their average grade increases by 4
percentage points. When they spend 10 hours on the program, their average grade increases by an additional 4 percentage
points, and when they spend 15 hours working on the program, their grades increase by yet an additional 4 percentage
points. The professor concludes that work on the tutorial program causes an increase in student grades. What method did
the professor use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The method of difference.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of concomitant variation.
d. The method of residues.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
15. The method used by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in her discovery involving Cepheids, which is described in your textbook,
is similar to:
a. The method of agreement.
b. The method of residues.
c. The method of difference.
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d. The method of concomitant variation.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.