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Chapter 06: Language
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1. Equivocal words are words that can be interpreted in more than one way.
2. Emotive words are words that sound as if they’re describing something, but are really announcing the
speaker’s attitude toward it.
3. Linguistic relativism is a notion that holds that our cultural worldview is shaped and reflected by the language
spoken by its members.
4. “I’m rather upset” is more powerful language than “I’m upset.”
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5. A perfectly worded “I” message delivered with total sincerity will ensure that the other person will not get
defensive.
6. American Sign Language is considered a literal system of communication rather than symbolic.
7. Syntactic rules govern the grammatical aspects of a language.
8. Relative words gain their meaning from comparison.
9. The U.S. is a high-context language culture.
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10. High-level abstractions can be useful as verbal shorthand between two people who know each other well.
11. All human languages are symbolic in nature.
12. Inferential statements are conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence.
13. A formal language culture will have different vocabularies for different sexes, levels of social status,
different types of occasions, or degrees of intimacy.
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14. “No” is so clear and short that it is one of the few words that is never misinterpreted in any intercultural
exchange.
15. Statements that contain the word “is” (“Luis is an active guy”) may lead to the assumption that people are
unchanging.
16. Women use more indirect and elaborate ways of talking than men do.
17. Research shows that linguistic differences are more often a function of gender roles than they are of
biological sex.
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18. Men discuss with other men the same conversation topics that women discuss with other women.
19. Your text confirms the stereotype that women are more likely to talk about feelings and relationships than
men are.
20. Men and women report using language for different purposes.
21. The process of static evaluation implies that people or things are unchanging.
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22. Syntactic misunderstandings arise when people assign different meanings to the same words.
23. Low-level abstract language can lead to blanket judgments and stereotyping.
24. Communication researchers call the process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others
convergence.
25. There are never times when equivocal language can be useful.
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26. Affiliation can be seen in online communities by increased use of “we.”
27. There are some occasions when less powerful forms of speech can enhance a speaker’s effectiveness.
28. Researchers have found that “I/we” combinations have a good chance of being received favorably.
29. Speakers of expressive and elaborate languages, such as Arabic, probably do not value silence as much as speakers
with a more succinct style.
30. After years of research, it has been concluded that names have little effect on how others think of us and the way we
Chapter 06: Language
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31. “I” language offers a more accurate and less provocative way to express a complaint.
32. Communication scholars use the term “cooperation” to describe the way conversation operates when everyone
involved uses the same set of pragmatic rules.
33. Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity with others.
34. Language can shape our perceptions of the world.
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35. Turning words into numbers helps make them more concrete and specific.
36. Expressions of disapproval are likely to be received more positively if they include a disclaimer such as “I don’t mean
to sound judgmental but…”
37. Swearing has no useful role in the workplace.
38. When a speaker uses powerful speech pattern he/she
tends to be received more positively in culture like Mexico.
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stresses relational goals over content goals.
may undermine relational goals to accomplish short term goals.
will use very polite phrases and intensifiers.
will be successful in all communication encounters.
39. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the best known declaration of
40. In a low-context language culture, you will notice
indirect expression of opinions.
less reliance on explicit verbal messages.
41. Succinctness in language is most extreme in cultures where
the language system is limited.
more than one language is spoken.
Chapter 06: Language
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verbal fluency is admired.
the use of equivocation is high.
42. All of the following statements about gender and language are true except which one?
Men’s speech is more direct and task-oriented.
Women’s speech is more indirect and elaborate.
Female speech often contains statements of sympathy and empathy.
Women interrupt men more in mixed-sex conversations.
Women are more likely to use more intensive adverbs than men.
43. In cultures that stress formality in language,
using correct grammar is most important.
language use defines social position.
there are fewer real friendships.
the people are too stiff to really communicate.
have more than one commonly accepted definition.
are low-level abstractions.
mean the same to all people and are thus redundant.
have meanings one person can guess at but another can’t.
have no known nonverbal signals to accompany them.