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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. Visualization must be followed by action for it to help you achieve your goals.
a. True
b. False
2. Your inner critic provides only negative self-talk and critiques.
a. True
b. False
3. An example of effective self-talk is “You can finish your report today; get started now and stay focused.”
a. True
b. False
4. Individuals with low self-esteem tend to believe that someone or something outside themselves controls their behavior.
a. True
b. False
5. Those with high self-esteem are skilled at obtaining validation and positive messages from other people.
a. True
b. False
6. Bill’s high self-esteem comes from making decisions based on his parents’ beliefs and values.
a. True
b. False
7. Parents are able to build their children’s self-esteem due to their early influence on them.
a. True
b. False
8. Limiting a person’s contribution to the organization limits the organization’s progress.
a. True
b. False
9. A guideline for effective self-talk is to be vague about the behavior you want to change.
a. True
b. False
10. Effective managers focus more on minimizing employees’ weaknesses than on building their strengths.
a. True
b. False
11. People who develop low self-esteem in their childhood cannot build to high self-esteem later on in adulthood.
a. True
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b. False
12. According to Emmett Miller, an important and mistaken source of self-worth for adults is defining themselves by their
job title.
a. True
b. False
13. Self-efficacy and self-concept are components of self-respect.
a. True
b. False
14. Positive self-talk must be realistic and consistent with one’s true self in order to be effective.
a. True
b. False
15. An important step in building self-esteem is taking responsibility for your decisions, good or bad, and accepting the
consequences.
a. True
b. False
16. Childhood events such as poor performance in school, abusive or uncaring parents, or a serious childhood accident can
be retained in the brain and have a lasting impact on your self-concept.
a. True
b. False
17. While goal setting is a valuable skill, there is no link between self-esteem and the setting and achievement of personal
goals.
a. True
b. False
18. Past experiences can influence your thinking for a lifetime and direct your future.
a. True
b. False
19. Common symptoms of low self-esteem can include either eating disorders or overeating, as well as excessive drinking
or smoking.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
20. Jasmine, a recent college graduate, interviewed for a graduate school program but was not accepted. A member of the
committee who made the decision told her, “Your academic work shows you have great natural potential in this field, but
we only enroll students with proven skills in the work setting.” What should Jasmine do if she still desires to be accepted
to this program?
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a. Build strengths in her field by seeking a job where she will enhance and demonstrate her skills.
b. Change fields by pursuing a second bachelor’s degree in a different area.
c. Take some elective courses and pursue volunteer opportunities to explore her talents.
d. Acknowledge her mistake in applying at that particular school.
21. Organizations can enhance employees’ self-esteem by
a. accommodating individual differences.
b. giving employees a voice in achieving company goals.
c. keeping employees well informed so that they know what is expected of them.
d. doing all of these.
Case 4.1
Bill is concerned about Tim’s self-esteem. Tim’s attitudes about himself have begun affecting his work. Tim is just
consumed with the fear of failure. He keeps telling himself that he’s a failure, there’s no use trying, and he can’t do any
better. Bill says to Tim, “It’s good that you know what you can and can’t do; that helps you be more realistic about life.
You just need to think of these matters in positive terms rather than hating yourself.”
Bill manages Tim by telling him that he appreciates his hard work. Bill points out the things Tim does well and regularly
explains to Tim that he expects great things of him. After a few weeks, Tim begins to perform more effectively and his
fear of failure decreases. Bill further takes Tim “under his wing” and begins to advise him on professional behavior, gives
him time to explain ideas and his concerns, and even becomes an advocate for Tim with Bill’s boss.
22. Refer to Case 4.1. What strategy is Bill referring to when suggesting that Tim has the right idea, and he just needs to
adjust it for a positive effect?
a. Increasing self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses
b. Developing an expertise
c. Developing an external locus of control
d. Taking responsibility for his decisions
23. Parents can build high self-esteem in their children by
a. emphasizing the importance of getting high grades in school.
b. making them play sports or take music lessons.
c. encouraging them to make their own decisions.
d. teaching them to eat well.
24. Setting goals and achieving them builds an individual’s self-esteem because the individual
a. can feel in control of his or her future.
b. is more likely to find a good mentor.
c. receives more validation and respect from others.
d. can boast of his or her success to others.
25. The most crucial years in developing and consolidating feelings about one’s personal identity occur during
a. early childhood.
b. late childhood.
c. adolescence.
d. adulthood.
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26. Raj is starting college. He is well-rounded and adults in his life have told him that if he tries hard enough, he can be
whatever he wants to be; however, doing some things, such as using his imagination and articulating his thoughts, comes
more naturally than doing others. He could be a doctor or lawyer or accountant, but being a writer or language arts teacher
could be a better choice because
a. his failures in science, law, or math would discourage him.
b. he will receive more support from language arts mentors.
c. he can reach his unique potential and build self-esteem by building on his strengths and dominant talents.
d. having to try hard at something does not build self-esteem.
27. Which of the following is an example of productive self-talk?
a. You will not eat chocolate today.
b. You are capable in your job responsibilities.
c. I will run ten miles tomorrow.
d. I won’t have a cigarette this afternoon.
28. People with low self-esteem tend to
a. ignore their weaknesses.
b. emphasize their weaknesses.
c. shrug off failures as no big deal.
d. see who they really are, but try to change.
29. Joshua usually ignores the little voice that says he should spend more time with his sick grandfather. He is
a. making a mistake.
b. aware of this weakness.
c. being driven by an internal locus of control.
d. not living consciously.
30. Which of the following is a good goal-setting principle?
a. Allow maximum flexibility and limit planning so that you will have several avenues to accomplish your goal.
b. Don’t focus on small successes, because you will lose sight of the end goal.
c. Spend time reflecting on the things you want to change in your life.
d. Keep your environment constant so that you can focus on your goal.
Case 4.1
Bill is concerned about Tim’s self-esteem. Tim’s attitudes about himself have begun affecting his work. Tim is just
consumed with the fear of failure. He keeps telling himself that he’s a failure, there’s no use trying, and he can’t do any
better. Bill says to Tim, “It’s good that you know what you can and can’t do; that helps you be more realistic about life.
You just need to think of these matters in positive terms rather than hating yourself.”
Bill manages Tim by telling him that he appreciates his hard work. Bill points out the things Tim does well and regularly
explains to Tim that he expects great things of him. After a few weeks, Tim begins to perform more effectively and his
fear of failure decreases. Bill further takes Tim “under his wing” and begins to advise him on professional behavior, gives
him time to explain ideas and his concerns, and even becomes an advocate for Tim with Bill’s boss.
31. Refer to Case 4.1. Rather than experiencing positive self-talk, Tim is listening to his
a. mentor.
b. internal locus of control.
c. inner critic.
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d. results of his visualization.
32. Shen is interning to become a nurse. Mila is a very skilled and helpful nurse, but also very busy. Shen was glad to
have the chance to talk with her over lunch one day and learned a great deal in that time. If Shen wants to learn to become
like Mila, he should
a. simply observe and emulate her at work.
b. assertively seek her out as his mentor.
c. wait for her to initiate a mentoring relationship.
d. find a mentor who has more spare time.
33. According to Emmett Miller, the healthiest way for people to define themselves is:
a. by allowing the past to program the future as the focus of self-talk.
b. as equivalent to their job title or professional status.
c. through wise money management and monthly saving.
d. based on their internal value system and emotional makeup.
34. Mark frequently dismisses his coworkers’ ideas as not worthwhile and boasts about his own abilities. Which statement
best characterizes Mark?
a. Mark has a high level of self-respect.
b. Mark is successful at self-talking.
c. Mark has low, unhealthy self-esteem.
d. Mark is a good goal-setter.
35. Which of the following behaviors exemplifies self-respect?
a. Norman puts up with a significant amount of verbal abuse from his friends.
b. Jane constantly seeks ways to prove herself, not acknowledging accomplishments she has already achieved.
c. Mary sets unrealistic goals for herself in order to challenge herself to greater accomplishments.
d. Tim is proud of his accomplishments, recognizes and enjoys what he has done well, and does not need the
recognition of others to feel good about those accomplishments.
36. Many adults mistakenly define themselves in terms of
a. the opinions of their parents.
b. their relationships with friends.
c. their physical appearance.
d. the things they possess.
37. The bundle of facts, opinions, beliefs, and perceptions about yourself can be described as your
a. self-respect.
b. self-efficacy.
c. self-esteem.
d. self-concept.
38. An individual with healthy, high self-esteem might make which of the following statements?
a. I’m much better at playing tennis than Joe, Raju, and Marcela.
b. I don’t know why I try so hard; it doesn’t make much difference anyway.
c. I may not be able to control the way I feel right now, but I can control the way I behave.
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d. I admit it. I’ve never been good at taking tests.
39. Adolescents are more inclined to define their self-concept and worth by
a. internal sources and positive self-talk.
b. their social relationships with peers and adopting traits and beliefs that their peers value.
c. what their parents do and the things they own.
d. accomplishments and talents.
Case 4.1
Bill is concerned about Tim’s self-esteem. Tim’s attitudes about himself have begun affecting his work. Tim is just
consumed with the fear of failure. He keeps telling himself that he’s a failure, there’s no use trying, and he can’t do any
better. Bill says to Tim, “It’s good that you know what you can and can’t do; that helps you be more realistic about life.
You just need to think of these matters in positive terms rather than hating yourself.”
Bill manages Tim by telling him that he appreciates his hard work. Bill points out the things Tim does well and regularly
explains to Tim that he expects great things of him. After a few weeks, Tim begins to perform more effectively and his
fear of failure decreases. Bill further takes Tim “under his wing” and begins to advise him on professional behavior, gives
him time to explain ideas and his concerns, and even becomes an advocate for Tim with Bill’s boss.
40. Refer to Case 4.1. What strategy might Bill suggest that Tim could use to build his self-esteem?
a. Identify and develop his strengths.
b. Work more independently, and do not seek the help of others.
c. Set unrealistic goals that force him to stretch beyond his normal performance.
d. All of these.
41. Despite doing very well in several college business courses and earning a glowing performance review from her
internship supervisor, Mira is very anxious about being able to pass her GMAT exams. Mira seems to demonstrate lower
a. self-respect.
b. self-efficacy.
c. self-worth.
d. self-concept.
42. Juan spends some time each day imagining himself making an important sale that will probably lead to a large bonus
and promotion. Juan is using what self-esteem building technique?
a. Visualizing achievement
b. Setting goals
c. Developing a mentor
d. Developing an expertise
Case 4.1
Bill is concerned about Tim’s self-esteem. Tim’s attitudes about himself have begun affecting his work. Tim is just
consumed with the fear of failure. He keeps telling himself that he’s a failure, there’s no use trying, and he can’t do any
better. Bill says to Tim, “It’s good that you know what you can and can’t do; that helps you be more realistic about life.
You just need to think of these matters in positive terms rather than hating yourself.”
Bill manages Tim by telling him that he appreciates his hard work. Bill points out the things Tim does well and regularly
explains to Tim that he expects great things of him. After a few weeks, Tim begins to perform more effectively and his
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fear of failure decreases. Bill further takes Tim “under his wing” and begins to advise him on professional behavior, gives
him time to explain ideas and his concerns, and even becomes an advocate for Tim with Bill’s boss.
43. Refer to Case 4.1. What might Tim’s boss to do enhance Tim’s self-esteem?
a. Change his locus of control
b. Provide better compensation
c. Clarify his expectations of Tim and offer feedback
d. Take responsibility for Tim’s low self-esteem
44. Refer to Case 4.1. Bill’s taking Tim under his wing is an example of
a. developing an expertise.
b. mentoring.
c. monitoring of self-talk.
d. building Tim’s self-esteem by taking responsibility for Tim’s decisions.
45. Effective self-talk is characterized by
a. generalizing your behavior in affirming statements that include all changes you want to make, even if they seem
impossible.
b. describing the end results you want to achieve, such as knowing all of the procedures after studying a manual.
c. using counterproductive words to help reinforce results you want to avoid.
d. not repeating an affirming statement, since this may cause you to lose sight of your goal attainment.
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.
46. An individual’s ____________________ keeps a continuous record of past failures but never mentions strengths or
accomplishments.
47. Often before interviews or meetings, Sara practices ____________________ by telling herself to feel how her
confidence makes her “heartbeat slow, like the soft, gentle drops of a leaking faucet.”
48. People who believe they are largely responsible for what happens to them maintain a(n) ____________________.
49. The field of ____________________ is concerned with the genetic and environmental factors causing developmental
changes over a person’s lifetime.
50. Julie is confident about her ability to successfully think about and tackle new tasks. She expects to do well. Julie has
strong ____________________.
51. Regina is actively helping Mary in her career. Regina is giving her advice, coaching her on job performance, and
acting as a “devil’s advocate” as she considers various decisions. Regina is acting as a(n) ____________________.
52. Nancy used to call herself stupid when she performed poorly on an exam. Now she uses ____________________ by
reminding herself of the specific steps she can take do better.
53. Kyoko set a goal to break the school track record in the 100-yard dash. Every day she mentally rehearses the perfect
race as she trains for an upcoming track meet. Kyoko is using ____________________.
54. For some individuals, the life stage known as ____________________ can span well into their 20s as they try to
develop a unique identity.
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55. When Rafael turns in work that is late or sub-par, he makes excuses that blame other people and events. When people
congratulate him on a job well done, he usually says he “got lucky this time.” Rafael attributes his actions and results to
a(n) ____________________.
56. Alan Jackson achieved stardom by having strong ____________________. He learned to appreciate his own worth,
believe in his ability to succeed, recover quickly from setbacks, and be accountable for his own actions.
57. A teenage friend is struggling with his self-esteem. What should he understand about development of self-esteem
during this critical time?
58. Explain how practicing guided imagery and visualization help build self-esteem.
59. Define self-concept and explain how an individual’s self-concept develops.
60. What are the five factors that enhance employee self-esteem?
61. It is important to replace negative messages with positive self-talk. Identify the three guidelines for creating effective
self-talk statements.
62. Name at least four characteristics of someone with high self-esteem.
63. Name and define the two components of a person’s self-esteem.
64. An effective way of raising self-esteem is through goal setting. Identify four principles of goal-setting and how they
might be used to help someone quit smoking.
65. Describe how self-concept is developed in both positive and negative ways during each stage of life – childhood,
adolescence, and adulthood.
66. You are the owner/manager of a small business. A few of the workers whom you supervise need to build their self-
esteem; their low self-respect and self-efficacy are detracting from their individual work performance and the performance
of their coworkers. Explain five ways you can enhance the self-esteem of your employees.
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Answer Key
1. True
2. True
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26. c
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52. positive self-talk
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