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Chapter 3: Perceiving and Understanding
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 1
1. The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is
known as __________
a.
prototypes
b.
perception
c.
self-serving bias
d.
empathy
e.
cognitive schemata
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
2. Don goes to class on Friday but the instructor is not present. The teaching assistant announces that the
instructor is ill and there will be no class that day. When Don comes to class on Monday, he notices that
students are handing in an assignment to the instructor. He discovers that the TA told students that even though
there was no class Friday, they had a homework assignment to complete. Don’s failure to attend to that part of
the TA’s message reflects which aspect of the perception process? [p. 44, III]
a.
selection
b.
organization
c.
personal constructs
d.
stereotypes
e.
interpretation
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
3. Which of the following is a personal construct? [p. 46, III]
a.
the dictionary definition of a co-worker
b.
how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
c.
the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
d.
your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
e.
your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
4. Cognitive schemata include all of the following EXCEPT __________. [p. 45, III]
a.
abstractions
b.
stereotypes
c.
scripts
d.
personal constructs
e.
prototypes
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
5. Which of the following is a prototype? [pp. 45–46, III]
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Chapter 3: Perceiving and Understanding
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a.
the dictionary definition of a co-worker
b.
how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
c.
the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
d.
your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
e.
your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
6. Which of the following is a script? [p. 48, III]
a.
the dictionary definition of a co-worker
b.
how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
c.
the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
d.
your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
e.
your expectation of how a co-worker will behave
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
7. Annika says, “I didn’t get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However,
Kathy didn’t get an offer because she isn’t qualified.” This is an example of __________. [p. 49, III]
a.
construct differentiation
b.
stereotyping
c.
self-serving bias
d.
internal attributions
e.
scripting
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
8. All of the following influence perceptions EXCEPT __________. [pp. 51–57, II]
a.
social roles
b.
cognitive abilities
c.
cultural factors
d.
expectations
e.
all of the above influence perception
ANSWER:
e
POINTS:
1
9. When you are tired, stressed, or sick, you are likely to perceive things more negatively than when you are
well rested. This is an example of __________. [p. 51, III]
a.
expectations
b.
social influences
c.
physiological influences
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Chapter 3: Perceiving and Understanding
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d.
self-serving bias
e.
attribution
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
10. The technique for imagining ourselves as successful is called __________. [p. 52, I]
a.
success reinforcement
b.
positive visualization
c.
role assumption
d.
cognitive reinforcement
e.
none of the above
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
11. Three-year-old Elena calls every adult male “Daddy” because she doesn’t yet make cognitive distinctions
among men. This is an example of __________. [p. 54, III]
a.
a simple cognitive system
b.
a complex cognitive system
c.
certainty vs. provisionalism
d.
focus on abstract constructs
e.
reliance on multiple schemata
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
12. According to Wood, the ability to feel with another person is called __________. [p. 56, I]
a.
cognitive complexity
b.
mind reading
c.
empathy
d.
inference
e.
self-serving bias
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
13. Cultural influences in the United States tend to place high value on which of the following? [p. 57, II]
a.
individualism
b.
relaxation and a leisurely pace of living
c.
collectivist orientation
d.
cooperation and deference
e.
membership and community
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
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14. Which of the following is an example of tentative language? [p. 60, II]
a.
Lucy is mean.
b.
Rosie is friendly.
c.
Christine is neurotic.
d.
Lisa is nice.
e.
Sheryl may be upset.
ANSWER:
e
POINTS:
1
15. Mike arrives at his class after the students and teacher have already begun discussing the topic for the day.
Mike doesn’t make any contributions during discussion. Based on what you know, which of the following is
(are) inferences about Mike? [pp. 59–60, III]
a.
He was late getting to class.
b.
He hadn’t read the assignment so he couldn’t contribute.
c.
Jed didn’t contribute to class discussion, either.
d.
Class began before Jed arrived.
e.
Both B and C are inferences
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
16. A deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact is known as __________. [p. 59, I]
a.
inference
b.
culture
c.
empathy
d.
judgment
e.
expectancy violation theory
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
17. The number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape
perceptions is called __________. [pp. 53–54, II]
a.
interpersonal communication
b.
cognitive depression
c.
cognitive complexity
d.
schemata theory
e.
reified perception theory
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
18. The ability to perceive another as a unique individual is called __________. [p. 55, II]
a.
personal construct theory
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b.
intelligence
c.
visualization
d.
intrapersonal perception
e.
person-centeredness
ANSWER:
e
POINTS:
1
19. A group of people who are part of an overall society but also distinct from the overall society in that they
hold values, understandings, and practices that are not shared by people outside the group is called a
__________. [p. 57, II]
a.
social community
b.
cultural identity
c.
isolated culture
d.
native culture
e.
community theatre
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
20. Catching yourself in the process of self-serving bias is most likely the result of __________. [pp. 60–61, III]
a.
inference
b.
lower cognitive complexity
c.
monitoring
d.
scripts
e.
prototypes
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
21. We passively receive stimuli from around us.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
22. Stereotypes may be accurate generalizations about groups.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
23. Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.
a.
True
b.
False
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ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
24. Empathy and person-centeredness are the same.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
25. Cultures can be made up of social communities that have their own unique values and practices.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
26. Western cultures emphasize individualism more than other cultures, especially Eastern ones.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
27. Mind reading is useful for good friends who want to communicate sincerely.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
28. A judgment is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
29. Monitoring is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe
and regulate them.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
30. Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
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Chapter 3: Perceiving and Understanding
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POINTS:
1
31. Perception consists of these three interrelated processes: __________ , __________ and __________.
ANSWER:
selection; perception; interpretation
POINTS:
1
32. __________ __________ are mental yardsticks that allow us to measure phenomena on bi-polar dimensions.
ANSWER:
Personal constructs
POINTS:
1
33. The person you think of as the ideal friend or the best example of what a friend is like, is your __________
for a friend.
ANSWER:
prototype
POINTS:
1
34. Your __________ for a first date describes how you and another person are supposed to act on a first date.
ANSWER:
script
POINTS:
1
35. Attributing your strengths and good actions to your personal integrity while attributing your weaknesses and
mistakes to external factors beyond your control is known as the __________.
ANSWER:
self-serving bias
POINTS:
1
36. A __________ consists of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience
that a number of people share.
ANSWER:
culture
POINTS:
1
37. A __________ is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other
phenomena that are not facts.
ANSWER:
judgment
POINTS:
1
38. __________ is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe
and regulate them.
ANSWER:
Monitoring
POINTS:
1
39. __________ is a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures
called cognitive schemata.
ANSWER:
Constructivism
POINTS:
1
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40. A __________ is a predictive generalization about a person or situation.
ANSWER:
stereotype
POINTS:
1
41. Discuss how we organize our perceptions in meaningful ways. Identify and explain the four methods of organization
discussed in Chapter 3.
ANSWER:
No answer provided.
POINTS:
1
42. Define the 4 types of cognitive schemata and illustrate how they are used to organize perceptions. Include an example
in which all 4 types are present.
ANSWER:
No answer provided.
POINTS:
1
43. Explain what mind reading is and why it is generally not beneficial in communication.
ANSWER:
No answer provided.
POINTS:
1
44. Describe how facts differ from inferences and explain why it is important to avoid confusing the two.
ANSWER:
No answer provided.
POINTS:
1
