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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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1. Perception is considered selective because ____.
a.
there are too many stimuli competing for the attention of your senses
b.
life’s lessons teach you to see the world in a particular way
c.
culture teaches you the meaning of most of your experiences
d.
once you perceive something in a particular manner that interpretation does not usually change
ANSWER:
a
2. Because we view the world through a subjective lens influenced by a number of variables, perception is
considered:
a.
selective
b.
learned
c.
inaccurate
d.
consistent
e.
culturally determined
ANSWER:
c
3. Values are important because they inform societies about ____.
a.
what is good or bad
b.
what is worth dying for
c.
how people should treat each other
d.
what is worth protecting
e.
all of these
ANSWER:
e
4. Which of the following is not one of the thirteen American values identified by Kohls?
a.
personal control over the environment
b.
formality
c.
competition
d.
self-help
e.
practicality/efficiency
ANSWER:
b
5. Optimism and emphasis on the future reflect which of Kohls American values?
a.
idealism
b.
individualism
c.
time and its control
d.
change
e.
privacy
ANSWER:
d
6. Identify which country is not ranked in the top five in terms of the culture’s emphasis on individualism?
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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a.
United States
b.
Austria
c.
Great Britain
d.
Canada
e.
Netherlands
ANSWER:
b
7. Collectivism means the people in a culture place greater emphasis on:
a.
the needs of the in-group over oneself
b.
social norms and duty defined by in-group
c.
beliefs shared with in-group
d.
great readiness to cooperate with in-group members
e.
all of these
ANSWER:
e
8. The extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous and unknown situations is referred to
as ____.
a.
uncertainty avoidance
b.
tolerance for ambiguity
c.
equivocality
d.
ethnocentricity
e.
neoplasticity
ANSWER:
a
9. A high power distance culture ____.
a.
holds that inequality should be minimized
b.
believes superiors and subordinates should consider themselves equals
c.
believe that people are not equal but that everyone has a ‘rightful place’
d.
powerful try to appear less powerful
e.
all of these
ANSWER:
c
10. Cultures that foster virtues oriented toward future rewards—in particular, perseverance and thrift, reflect
what Hofstede called a ____.
a.
short term orientation
b.
future bias
c.
long term orientation
d.
future-oriented
e.
past progressive
ANSWER:
c
11. The World Values Survey defined ____ as ‘a tendency to allow relatively free gratification of basic and
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun.’
a.
indulgent
b.
hedonistic
c.
opportunistic
d.
restrained
e.
secular
ANSWER:
a
12. According to Minkov, which of the following is associated with flexhumility?
a.
self-pride
b.
holistic cognition
c.
religion is important
d.
lower value on education
e.
suicide taboo
ANSWER:
b
13. Monumentalism within a culture, according to Minkov, indicates that members believe ____.
a.
self-concept is flexible
b.
interpersonal competition is encouraged
c.
truth is relative
d.
education is highly valued
e.
all of these
ANSWER:
b
14. Identify which of the following is not among the five universal questions for cultures, according to
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck.
a.
what is the character of human nature?
b.
what is the relation of humankind to nature?;
c.
what is the value of wealth
d.
what is the relationship of people to each other?
e.
what is the value placed on time?
ANSWER:
c
15. In terms of the person/nature orientation, Western cultures traditionally view:
a.
humans as subject to nature
b.
humans in harmony with nature
c.
humans as natures’ providers
d.
humans as master of nature
e.
nature as humans’ provider
ANSWER:
d
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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16. What time orientation do most Americans in the United States favor?
a.
past
b.
future
c.
present
d.
linearity
e.
polychromic
ANSWER:
b
17. Low context cultures include all of the following except:
a.
German
b.
North American
c.
Native American
d.
English
e.
French
ANSWER:
c
18. The GLOBE Study differentiated between two types of collectivism:
a.
in-group and societal
b.
in-group and out-group
c.
ethnic and inter-ethnic
d.
local and national
e.
selective and exhaustive
ANSWER:
a
19. The following countries belong in same societal group, according to the GLOBE study.
a.
Canada, England, United States
b.
Finland, Sweden, Denmark
c.
Turkey, Egypt, Kuwait
d.
China, Japan, Taiwan
e.
all of these
ANSWER:
d
20. Perception is learned because once you perceive something in a particular way, which interpretation does
not usually change.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
21. Perception is inaccurate because you view the world through a subjective lens influenced by culture, values,
and personal experiences which tend to make you see what you want/expect to see.
a.
True
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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b.
False
ANSWER:
True
22. Cultural patterns are integrated and can be contradictory.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
23. According to Kohls, the U.S. values tradition over change.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
24. Cultures that promote interdependency and cooperation take a negative view of intra-group competition.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
25. The American preference for a large selection of material items to choose from is illustrated by typical
supermarkets, and the number of choices at Subway.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
26. Individual orientation vs. group orientation is thought of as one of the basic pattern variables that determine human
action.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
27. Collectivism in the United States is seen in the expectation that employees will change jobs in order to advance their
careers.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
28. Countries ranked highest for individualism include Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, and Guatemala.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
29. Japan is a low uncertainty culture with many formal social protocols that help to predict how people will
behave in almost every social interaction.
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a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
30. Countries whose cultures reflect a comfort with uncertainty (low uncertainty avoidance) include Greece,
Portugal, and Guatemala.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
31. Cultures with high power distance emphasize status differences.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
32. The United States is among the top five countries for high power distance.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
33. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap—both men and women are expected to be
modest, tender, and concerned with quality of life.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
34. The indulgence/restraint dimension reflects a cultures orientation toward disciplining the young.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
35. Flexhumility cultures place less value on education than monumentalist ones.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
36. Confucianism and Buddhism support the notion that human nature is good.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
37. Chinese culture has a strong focus on the present time orientation.
a.
True
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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b.
False
ANSWER:
False
38. Most Latino cultures consider the current activity as the one that matters the most.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
39. High-context cultures tend to convey meaning through status and informal friends and associates.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
40. For low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in
the context or the person’s nonverbal activity.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
41. Humane orientation refers to the degree to which societal and organizational members acquiesce to unequal
distribution of power.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
42. Societal collectivism and in-group collectivism are two terms that mean the same thing.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
43. In collectivist cultures, a person’s face is usually derived from his or her own self-effort.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
44. What is perception? Explain the characteristics of perception.
ANSWER:
45. Define values and provide at least two intercultural examples.
ANSWER:
46. Explain what is meant by the term ‘cultural patterns.’ What caveats to the term do the authors present?
ANSWER:
47. List and explain at least six of the thirteen values identified by Kohls as “The Values Americans live by.”
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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ANSWER:
48. Explain how contradictions in the value of equality/egalitarianism explained in U.S. culture?
ANSWER:
49. Identify and explain three common U.S. phrases that reflect the American value of directness, openness, and
honesty.
ANSWER:
50. Compare and contrast Hofstede’s concepts of individualism and collectivism.
ANSWER:
51. What is uncertainty avoidance? Provide an example of a culture that has high uncertainty avoidance and one
that has low uncertainty avoidance.
ANSWER:
52. Is the U.S. a high or a low power distance culture? Explain the concepts and justify your answer.
ANSWER:
53. Discuss Hofstede’s masculinity/femininity dimension. Provide an example of each.
ANSWER:
54. Explain what is meant by the term ‘monumentalism’ and contrast that with the concept of flexhumility.
ANSWER:
55. What does your culture tell you about human nature? Give an example of a culture with a different
orientation.
ANSWER:
56. Differentiate between the concepts of being, being-in-becoming, and doing.
ANSWER:
57. What do the terms high-context and low-context mean? Provide cultural examples of each.
ANSWER:
58. How did the GLOBE study extend the previous dimensions of culture?
ANSWER:
59. Identify five of the ten GLOBE study cultural dimensions.
ANSWER:
60. Explain the concepts of face and face-work. How are they manifest in collectivistic and individualistic
cultures?
ANSWER:
61. What are the major characteristics associated any five of the following GLOBE societal/geographical
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Chapter 06: Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior
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groups? (a) White Dominant; (b) Scandinavia; (c) Central Europe; (d) Eastern Europe; (e) Southern Europe; (f)
Africa; (g) the Middle East; (h) Central and South America; (I) Northeast Asia; (j) South and Southeast Asia.
ANSWER:
