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1. The larynx is
a.
comprised of three unpaired and three paired cartilages.
b.
a musculo-cartilagenous structure.
c.
superior to the trachea.
d.
a & b.
e.
a, b, & c.
ANSWER:
e
2. The space between the vocal folds is the
a.
laryngeal aditus.
b.
glottis.
c.
vocal nodules.
d.
laryngeal ventricle.
ANSWER:
b
3. The inferior-most cartilage of the larynx is the
a.
cricoid.
b.
arytenoid.
c.
cuneiform.
d.
thyroid.
e.
epiglottis.
ANSWER:
a
4. The ring-like cartilage that is higher in the posterior aspect than the anterior is the
a.
arytenoid.
b.
thyroid.
c.
hyoid.
d.
cricoid.
e.
epiglottis.
ANSWER:
d
5. The most massive of the laryngeal cartilages is the
a.
arytenoid.
b.
thyroid.
c.
cuneiform.
d.
cricoid.
e.
epiglottis.
ANSWER:
b
6. The cartilage that articulates with the thyroid cartilage is the
a.
arytenoid.
b.
cuneiform.
c.
cricoid.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
c
7. The cartilage that articulates with the inferior aspect of the arytenoid cartilage is the
a.
cuneiform.
b.
cricoid.
c.
thyroid.
d.
epiglottis.
ANSWER:
b
8. The cartilage that articulates with the superior aspect of the arytenoid cartilage is the
a.
cuneiform.
b.
radicular.
c.
cingular.
d.
corniculate.
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ANSWER:
d
9. Which of the following is a leaf-like cartilage?
a.
Epiglottis
b.
Thyroid
c.
Cuneiform
d.
Corniculate
ANSWER:
a
10. The bone that articulates with the thyroid cartilage is the
a.
cricoid.
b.
mandible.
c.
temporal.
d.
hyoid.
e.
sphenoid.
ANSWER:
d
11. The superior-most cartilage of the larynx is the
a.
epiglottis.
b.
hyoid.
c.
cricoid.
d.
thyroid.
ANSWER:
a
12. The membrane that stretches across the space between the greater cornu of the hyoid and the lateral thyroid is the
a.
laryngeal.
b.
aryepiglottic.
c.
thyrohyoid.
d.
cricothyroid.
ANSWER:
c
13. The small indentations in the membranous fold between the epiglottis and the tongue are the
a.
thyrohyoid indentations.
b.
pyriform sinuses.
c.
aryepiglottic folds.
d.
valleculae.
e.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
d
14. The entryway to the larynx is the
a.
aditus.
b.
antrum.
c.
vestibule.
d.
conus elasticus.
ANSWER:
a
15. The cavity of the larynx immediately superior to the ventricular folds is the
a.
aditus.
b.
laryngeal ventricle.
c.
vestibule.
d.
glottis.
ANSWER:
c
16. Which of the following is the cavity between the true and false vocal folds?
a.
Laryngeal ventricle
b.
Glottis
c.
Valleculae
d.
Pyriform sinus
ANSWER:
a
17. The prominence superior to the laryngeal ventricle is/are the
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a.
true vocal folds.
b.
vestibule.
c.
epiglottis.
d.
false vocal folds.
ANSWER:
d
18. The point of articulation between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages is the
a.
thyroid notch.
b.
cricothyroid joint.
c.
cricoid lamina.
d.
lateral thyroid prominence.
ANSWER:
b
19. The cricoid cartilage articulates with this portion of the thyroid cartilage.
a.
Inferior cornu
b.
Superior cornua
c.
Greater cornu
d.
Lesser cornu
ANSWER:
a
20. The arytenoid cartilage articulates with this portion of the cricoid cartilage.
a.
Superior surface
b.
Inferior surface
c.
Lamina
d.
Cricothyroid joint
ANSWER:
a
21. The hyoid bone articulates with this aspect of the thyroid cartilage.
a.
Inferior cornu
b.
Superior cornua
c.
Greater cornu
d.
Lesser cornu
ANSWER:
b
22. This aspect of the hyoid articulates with the thyroid cartilage.
a.
Inferior cornu
b.
Superior cornua
c.
Greater cornu
d.
Lesser cornu
ANSWER:
c
23. This cartilage articulates with the apex of the arytenoid cartilage.
a.
Corniculate
b.
Thyroid
c.
Cricoid
d.
Cuneiform
ANSWER:
a
24. The thyrovocalis muscle attaches to this process of the arytenoid cartilage.
a.
Thyroid
b.
Muscular
c.
Ligamentous
d.
Vocal
ANSWER:
d
25. The thyromuscularis muscle attaches to this process of the arytenoid cartilage.
a.
Thyroid
b.
Muscular
c.
Ligamentous
d.
Vocal
ANSWER:
b
26. The ____________________ cartilage is a large, leaf-like structure that covers the aditus of the larynx during
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swallowing.
ANSWER:
epiglottis
27. The ____________________ horn of the hyoid bone articulates with the thyroid cartilage.
ANSWER:
greater
28. The joint between the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages is termed the ____________________ joint.
ANSWER:
cricoarytenoid
29. When the ____________________ muscle contracts, the muscular process is pulled anteriorly.
ANSWER:
lateral cricoarytenoid
30. When the ____________________ muscle is contracted, the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage is pulled
posteriorly.
ANSWER:
posterior cricoarytenoid
31. The oblique arytenoid muscle is a(n) (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer) ____________________.
ANSWER:
adductor
32. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is a(n) (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer) ____________________.
ANSWER:
adductor
33. The posterior cricoarytenoid is a(n) (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer) ____________________.
ANSWER:
abductor
34. The thyrovocalis is a(n) (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer) ____________________.
ANSWER:
tensor
35. The thyromuscularis is a(n) (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer) ____________________.
ANSWER:
relaxer
36. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is innervated by means of the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
X vagus
37. The ____________________ branch of the X vagus nerve innervates the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
ANSWER:
recurrent laryngeal
38. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is innervated by the ____________________ branch of the X vagus nerve.
ANSWER:
superior laryngeal
39. The ____________________ branch of the X vagus nerve innervates the oblique arytenoid muscles.
ANSWER:
recurrent laryngeal
40. The ____________________ branch of the X vagus nerve innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.
ANSWER:
recurrent laryngeal
41. The term ____________________ refers to the degree of force that may be applied by the vocal folds at their point of
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contact.
ANSWER:
medial compression
42. The ____________________ belly of the digastricus muscle courses from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to
the hyoid bone.
ANSWER:
posterior
43. The anterior belly of the digastricus muscle is innervated by the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
V trigeminal
44. The posterior belly of the digastricus muscle is innervated by the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
VII facial
45. The ____________________ muscle originates on the styloid process of the temporal bone and courses to the hyoid
bone.
ANSWER:
stylohyoid
46. The stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
VII facial
47. The ____________________ muscle originates on the underside of the mandible, coursing fanlike to the median
fibrous raphe and the hyoid bone.
ANSWER:
mylohyoid
48. The mylohyoid muscle is innervated by the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
V trigeminal
49. The ____________________ muscle forms the floor of the mouth.
ANSWER:
mylohyoid
50. The ____________________muscle originates on the mental spines of the mandible, coursing to the corpus of the
hyoid bone.
ANSWER:
geniohyoid
51. The geniohyoid muscle is innervated by the ____________________ cranial nerve.
ANSWER:
XII hypoglossal
52. The ____________________ muscle courses from the sternum to the hyoid bone.
ANSWER:
sternohyoid
53. The ____________________ muscle is the only laryngeal depressor with two bellies.
ANSWER:
omohyoid
54. The ____________________ belly of the omohyoid muscle arises from the hyoid bone and courses down to an
intermediate tendon.
ANSWER:
superior
55. The ____________________ muscle courses from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage.
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68. When is it important for speech-language pathologists to refer a person for voice therapy?
ANSWER:
sternothyroid
56. The ____________________ muscle courses from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
ANSWER:
thyrohyoid
57. The ____________________ muscle lies medial to the thyromuscularis muscle.
ANSWER:
thyrovocalis
58. The ____________________ muscle originates on the posterior-lateral surface of one arytenoid cartilage and courses
laterally to the other posterior-lateral surface.
ANSWER:
transverse arytenoid
59. The ____________________ muscle is directly attached to the sternum and hyoid, and depresses the hyoid.
ANSWER:
sternohyoid
60. The ____________________ muscle runs between two unpaired laryngeal cartilages; it tenses the vocal folds.
ANSWER:
cricothyroid
61. The ____________________ muscle has two bellies that insert into an intermediate tendon that attaches to the hyoid.
ANSWER:
digastricus
62. The ____________________ muscle arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the hyoid.
ANSWER:
stylohyoid
63. The ____________________ belly of the digastricus muscle pulls the hyoid back.
ANSWER:
posterior
64. The ____________________ muscle courses from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis.
ANSWER:
aryepiglottic
65. The ____________________ cartilage is embedded within the aryepiglottic folds.
ANSWER:
cuneiform
66. What are the functions of the larynx?
ANSWER:
The functions of the larynx are to produce phonation, clamp the airway to prevent intrusion by foreign objects
such as food or liquids, propel foreign matter away from the airway opening, and enable people to hold their
breath so that they can swim, lift, or have a child.
67. What happens during normal swallowing?
ANSWER:
Normal swallowing involves the following:
∙
The larynx elevates.
∙
The epiglottis folds down to protect the airway from food and liquid.
∙
The food and liquid pass over the back of the tongue, through the
valleculae, into the pyriform sinuses, and into the esophagus.
∙
The valleculae are like “tiny valleys” formed by the membrane between
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ANSWER:
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are usually the first individuals to notice problems in a person’s speech.
It is very important for SLPs to refer a person for voice therapy if they suspect a voice dysfunction. The
person with a hoarse voice may be abusing his or her phonatory mechanism. For example, individuals may
become hoarse if they spend excessive time in noisy environments, where they must speak loudly to be heard.
Also, the person could be developing vocal nodules or even early laryngeal cancer.
The person who has an increasingly weak voice or must exert a great deal of effort to speak should be
referred to a neurologist. For instance, myasthenia gravis (a myoneural disease) is characterized by
progressive weakness of phonation, progressive loss of the ability to articulate, and worsening hypernasality.
This condition can be treated. Often the SLP is the first person to recognize myasthenia gravis and refers the
individual to a health care specialist.
69. What are the some of the problems faced by people who have undergone a laryngectomy?
ANSWER:
Individuals who have undergone a laryngectomy (surgical removal of the larynx) face many problems and
lifestyle changes as a result of this surgery. Clients must breathe through a tracheotomy, which is an opening
in the trachea, created during a surgical procedure called a tracheostomy. Some of the problems that result
from this procedure include the following:
∙
Loss of phonation
∙
Difficulty coughing and eliminating phlegm from the airway
∙
Need to avoid swimming or any other activities that expose the stoma
to water or pollutants
∙
Need to give away house pets that shed hair, because hair can be
caught in the person’s unprotected airway
∙
Difficulty enjoying the flavor of different foods, because the person
cannot breathe through his or her nose
∙
Dryness of the oral tissues due to salivary gland damage that occurs
when radiation is required following surgery
∙
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), which results from severe oral
dryness
∙
Risk of aspiration if food or fluids accidentally enter the stoma
70. What are the major causes of vocal fold paralysis?
ANSWER:
Major causes of vocal fold paralysis are:
∙
Nerve damage that occurs during thyroid surgery
∙
Nerve damage as a result of blunt trauma, often from an automobile
accident
neurons, resulting in paralysis
Neurodegenerative diseases that can weaken or paralyze the vocal
folds
∙
Aneurysm of the aortic arch caused by a weakness in the aortic wall
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or other conditions that cause a loss
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71. This cartilage forms the insertion for the thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis.
ANSWER:
c
72. This cartilage protects the airway from intrusion of food or liquid during swallowing.
ANSWER:
a
73. This cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage.
ANSWER:
b
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74. Cricothyroid pars recta
ANSWER:
a
75. Superior cornu
ANSWER:
f
76. Triticeal cartilage
ANSWER:
c
77. Cricothyroid pars oblique
ANSWER:
b
78. Corpus
ANSWER:
e
79. Lesser cornu
ANSWER:
d
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80. First rib
ANSWER:
g
81. Sternothyroid
ANSWER:
e
82. Angle
ANSWER:
c
83. Clavicle
ANSWER:
f
84. Thyrohyoid
ANSWER:
b
85. Oblique line
ANSWER:
d
86. Cricoid
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ANSWER:
i
87. Manubrium
ANSWER:
h
88. Corpus
ANSWER:
a
89. Digastricus posterior
ANSWER:
g
90. Geniohyoid
ANSWER:
c
91. Mylohyoid
ANSWER:
b
92. Stylohyoid
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ANSWER:
f
93. Digastricus anterior
ANSWER:
e
94. Hyoid corpus
ANSWER:
d
95. Greater cornu
ANSWER:
h
96. Mylohyoid line
ANSWER:
a
97. Superior thyroarytenoid
ANSWER:
e
98. Cricoid
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ANSWER:
c
99. Posterior cricoarytenoid
ANSWER:
b
100. Lateral cricoarytenoid
ANSWER:
d
101. Epiglottis
ANSWER:
a
102. Thyroid
ANSWER:
h
103. Oblique arytenoid
ANSWER:
d
104. Superior cornu
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ANSWER:
c
105. Greater cornu
ANSWER:
b
106. Cricoid
ANSWER:
f
107. Posterior cricoarytenoid
ANSWER:
e
108. Transverse arytenoid
ANSWER:
g
109. Epiglottis
ANSWER:
a
110. False vocal fold
ANSWER:
h
111. Valleculae
ANSWER:
c
112. Posterior
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ANSWER:
b
113. Prominence of arytenoid
ANSWER:
f
114. Prominence of cuneiform
ANSWER:
e
115. Epiglottis
ANSWER:
d
116. True vocal fold
ANSWER:
g
117. Anterior
ANSWER:
a
118. Thyroid cartilage
ANSWER:
e
119. Cricoid
ANSWER:
d
120. Thyrovocalis
ANSWER:
b
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mylohyoid
b.
digastricus anterior
digastricus posterior
d.
geniohyoid
stylohyoid
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
126. Forms the floor of the mouth
ANSWER:
a
127. Arises from mastoid process; elevates and retracts larynx
ANSWER:
c
sternothyroid
b.
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid
cricopharyngeus
128. Elevates hyoid or depresses mandible
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a
130. Depresses hyoid
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
e
121. Thyromuscularis
ANSWER:
c
122. Arytenoid
ANSWER:
a
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132. Brings hyoid and thyroid closer together
ANSWER:
c