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1. Which of the following is the primary purpose of respiration?
a.
Provides the means of gas exchange between an organism and its environment
b.
Provides a source for phonation
c.
Provides the energy source for speech
d.
None of the above
ANSWER:
a
2. Which of the following refers to twisting of a shaft while one end of the shaft remains fixed and does not move?
a.
Elastic forces
b.
Elongation
c.
Torque
d.
Terminal mediation
ANSWER:
c
3. In respiration, which of the following structures undergoes torquing?
a.
Vertebrae
b.
Chondral portion of rib
c.
Costal portion of rib
d.
a & b
e.
b & c
ANSWER:
b
4. Which group of muscles is involved in actively torquing elements of the rib cage?
a.
Abdominal muscles of inspiration
b.
Thoracic muscles of inspiration
c.
Abdominal muscles of expiration
d.
Thoracic muscles of expiration
ANSWER:
b
5. What forces cause the rib cage to return to resting position following torquing of the rib-cage elements?
a.
Elasticity
b.
Gravity
c.
Kinetic energy
d.
a & b
e.
a & c
ANSWER:
d
6. Which of the following have high elasticity?
a.
Lungs
b.
Cartilage
c.
Bone
d.
a & b
e.
b & c
ANSWER:
d
7. An adults has a larger respiratory capacity than an infant. Which of the following best explains this capacity difference?
a.
An adult has a larger thorax
b.
The adult lung is stretched to fill the thorax
c.
The adult can voluntarily expand his or her lungs
d.
a & b
e.
a & c
ANSWER:
d
8. Which of the following best describes what happens when the lungs expand?
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a.
Contraction of the muscles of inspiration pushes the diaphragm up, causing air to flow into the lungs.
b.
Contraction of the muscles of inspiration decreases the volume of the thorax, causing a decrease in pressure
(Boyle’s law).
c.
Expansion of the thorax causes the lungs to expand as a function of the negative intrapleural pressure between
the parietal and visceral pleurae.
d.
None of the above.
ANSWER:
c
9. Which of the following best describes what happens during inspiration?
a.
The muscles within the lungs contract, causing air to leave them.
b.
The muscles within the lungs relax, permitting air to enter the lungs.
c.
The muscles of inspiration contract, causing the thorax to increase in volume.
d.
The muscles of the abdomen relax, allowing expansion of the diaphragm into the abdominal space.
e.
Both c & d
ANSWER:
e
10. Respiratory volume is measured using which of the following?
a.
Spirometer
b.
Nasometer
c.
Gastrometer
d.
Nasoendoscope
ANSWER:
a
11. Respiratory pressure is measured using which of the following?
a.
Goniometer
b.
Spirometer
c.
Calorimeter
d.
Manometer
ANSWER:
d
12. Respiratory capacity is measured using which of the following?
a.
Manometer
b.
Altimeter
c.
Spirometer
d.
Inclinometer
ANSWER:
c
13. The rate of flow of respiration is measured using which of the following?
a.
Spirometer
b.
Manometer
c.
ECG monitor
d.
Volt meter
ANSWER:
a
14. Flow is measured in
a.
volts per hour.
b.
amperes per minute.
c.
cubic centimeters per minute.
d.
millimeters per minute.
ANSWER:
c
15. Which of the following refers to the process of moving air through the respiratory system?
a.
Respiration
b.
Velarization
c.
Ventilation
d.
Nasalization
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ANSWER:
c
16. Which of the following refers to the gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane?
a.
Expiration
b.
Profusion
c.
Ventilation
d.
Perfusion
ANSWER:
d
17. What characteristic of cartilage makes it appropriate and beneficial for use in the respiratory passageway?
a.
Cartilage is highly elastic.
b.
Cartilage is easily transformed to bone.
c.
Cartilage resists distension.
d.
a & c
e.
b & c
ANSWER:
a
18. What is the approximate number of respiratory cycles per minute in quiet tidal respiration of an adult?
a.
9
b.
12
c.
15
d.
None of the above
ANSWER:
b
19. Approximately how many cubic centimeters of air are exchanged during quiet tidal respiration, on average?
a.
250 cc
b.
500 cc
c.
750 cc
d.
1,000 cc
ANSWER:
b
20. Which of the following is the minute volume for quiet tidal respiration, on average?
a.
2,000 cc
b.
4,000 cc
c.
6,000 cc
d.
8,000 cc
ANSWER:
c
21. By what age do the lungs have their full complement of alveoli?
a.
8 years
b.
2 years
c.
16 years
d.
20 years
ANSWER:
a
22. Which of the following best describes the rate of respiration for a newborn infant?
a.
40–70 breaths per minute
b.
40–50 breaths per minute
c.
70–90 breaths per minute
d.
12–18 breaths per minute
ANSWER:
a
23. Which of the following best describes the rate of respiration for an adult?
a.
40–70 breaths per minute
b.
40–50 breaths per minute
c.
70–90 breaths per minute
d.
12–18 breaths per minute
ANSWER:
d
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24. What is the term for the air that cannot be expelled during expiration?
a.
Residual volume
b.
Remaining capacity
c.
Distributed volume
d.
None of the above
ANSWER:
a
25. Which of the following best describes the difference between volumes and capacities?
a.
Capacities refer to combinations of volumes that express physiological limits.
b.
Volumes are discrete, whereas capacities represent functional combinations of volumes.
c.
Both a & b.
d.
None of the above.
ANSWER:
c
26. The term ____________________ refers to combinations of volumes to express physiological limits.
ANSWER:
capacities
27. The amount of air we breathe during a respiratory cycle is referred to as ____________________.
ANSWER:
tidal volume
28. A single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ____________________ cc of air for the average
adult female.
ANSWER:
450
29. A single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ____________________ cc of air for the average
adult male.
ANSWER:
600 cc
30. A single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ____________________ cc of air for the average
adult.
ANSWER:
525
31. _________________________ is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.
ANSWER:
Inspiratory reserve volume
32. The volume of air that can be inhaled, on average, following tidal inspiration is ____________________ cc.
ANSWER:
2,475
33. The volume of air that can be exhaled following tidal expiration is termed _________________________.
ANSWER:
expiratory reserve volume
34. The amount of air that can be exhaled following tidal expiration, on average, is ____________________ cc.
ANSWER:
1,000
35. The volume of air remaining in the lungs following complete expiration is termed ____________________.
ANSWER:
residual volume
36. The volume of air remaining in the lungs following complete expiration, on average, is ____________________ cc.
ANSWER:
1,100
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37. ____________________ capacity is the combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and
tidal volume.
ANSWER:
Vital
38. Vital capacity, on average, is ____________________ cc.
ANSWER:
4,000
39. _________________________ capacity is the combination of inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve
volume.
ANSWER:
Functional residual capacity
40. Functional residual capacity is approximately ____________________ cc.
ANSWER:
2,100
41. ____________________ capacity is the total of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume,
and residual volume.
ANSWER:
Total lung
42. ____________________ capacity is the total of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
ANSWER:
Inspiratory
43. Atmospheric pressure is approximately ____________________ mm Hg.
ANSWER:
760
44. The reference pressure for measurement of respiratory pressures is ____________________ pressure.
ANSWER:
atmospheric
45. The pressure that can be measured within the mouth is called ____________________ pressure.
ANSWER:
intraoral
mouth
46. The pressure that can be measured beneath the level of the vocal folds is ____________________ pressure.
ANSWER:
subglottal
47. ____________________ pressure and intraoral pressure and alveolar pressure are equivalent if the vocal folds are
open.
ANSWER:
Subglottal
48. ____________________ pressure and alveolar pressure are equivalent if the vocal folds are adducted.
ANSWER:
Subglottal
49. ____________________ pressure is another term for pulmonic pressure.
ANSWER:
Alveolar
50. ____________________ pressure represents the pressure within the individual alveolus.
ANSWER:
Alveolar
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51. ____________________ pressure represents the pressure between the parietal and visceral pleurae.
ANSWER:
Intrapleural
52. At rest, intrapleural pressure is approximately ____________________ cm H2O.
ANSWER:
–6
53. During quiet inspiration, alveolar pressure is approximately ____________________ cm H2O.
ANSWER:
–2
54. During quiet expiration, alveolar pressure is approximately ____________________ cm H2O.
ANSWER:
+2
55. ____________________ is a term meaning “surface–active solution.”
ANSWER:
Surfactant
56. During expiration, intraoral pressure is (negative/positive) ____________________ relative to atmospheric pressure.
ANSWER:
positive
57. During inspiration, intraoral pressure is (negative/positive) ____________________ relative to atmospheric pressure.
ANSWER:
negative
58. Contraction of the diaphragm causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ____________________ of alveolar pressure.
ANSWER:
decrease
59. Contraction of the abdominal muscles causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ____________________ of alveolar pressure.
ANSWER:
increase
60. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ____________________ of alveolar
pressure.
ANSWER:
decrease
61. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ____________________ of alveolar
pressure.
ANSWER:
increase
62. When the diaphragm contracts, intrapleural pressure becomes (more/less) ____________________ negative.
ANSWER:
more
63. Adducting the vocal folds during expiration causes an immediate (increase/decrease) ____________________ in
subglottal pressure.
ANSWER:
increase
64. Abdominal muscles are involved in ____________________ expiration.
ANSWER:
forced
65. The positive side of the relaxation-pressure curve represents the ____________________ forces of elastic tissue.
ANSWER:
restoring
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66. What are the four basic processes of respiration?
ANSWER:
The four basic processes of respiration are:
1. Ventilation, which involves the movement of air in the conducting respiratory
passageway
2. Distribution, during which air is distributed to 300 million alveoli
3. Perfusion, which involves the movement of the oxygen-poor vascular supply to 6 billion
capillaries that supply alveoli
4. Diffusion, which involves gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane
67. How does the respiratory cycle differ between adults, babies, and children?
ANSWER:
Adults complete between 12 and 18 cycles of respiration per minute.
Newborns complete around 40 to 70 cycles of respiration per minute.
Five-year-old children complete 25 cycles of respiration per minute.
Fifteen-year-old children complete 20 cycles of respiration per minute.
68. What is a pneumothorax, what can cause this condition, and what is the result?
ANSWER:
Pneumothorax is a collection of gas in the pleural cavity between the lungs and the chest wall,
resulting in a loss of negative intrapleural pressure. This condition is usually caused by a puncture
wound such as a knife wound, or an injury from an automobile accident. In any case, the final result
is always a collapsed lung.
69. What position allows clients who are in the later stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) to breathe most easily?
ANSWER:
Clients who are in the later stages of ALS suffer from severe muscle weakness. Because of
their condition, these clients breathe most easily in a semireclined position. This position
allows clients to rest, but capitalizes on gravity to help them breathe.
The supine position (on the back) makes breathing difficult for clients with ALS because
gravity interferes with respiration. Indeed, gravity actually works against the respiratory
effort. Furthermore, because of their muscular weakness, individuals with ALS do not have
the strength to breathe in sufficient oxygen. As a result, they cannot meet the oxygen
demands of the body. The supine position puts clients at risk for respiratory disorders such
as pneumonia.
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inspiratory reserve volume
b.
expiratory reserve volume
resting tidal volume
d.
residual volume
inspiratory capacity
vital capacity
g.
expiratory capacity
h.
total lung capacity
ANSWER:
c
77. 2,475 cc for male and female adults averaged
ANSWER:
a
79. 1,100 cc for male and female adults averaged
ANSWER:
d
81. 4,000 cc for male and female adults averaged
ANSWER:
f
intraoral pressure
b.
subglottal pressure
71. The volume of air that is inspired and expelled in one cycle of quiet breathing
ANSWER:
c
72. The volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration
ANSWER:
b
73. The volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal inspiration
ANSWER:
a
74. The volume of air that remains in the lungs after forceful and complete expiration
ANSWER:
d
75. The air that includes tidal inspiration and inspiratory reserve volume
ANSWER:
e
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forced
b.
manometer
spirometer
d.
increases
passive
decreases
105. Used to measure respiratory volume
ANSWER:
c
107. Form of expiration that does not require muscular contraction
ANSWER:
e
109. Change that occurs to the resistance to airflow within the respiratory passageway as a result of turbulence
ANSWER:
d
abdomen
b.
torquing
ventilation
d.
decreases
active
expiration
g.
passive
110. Twisting of a shaft while one end of the shaft does not move
ANSWER:
b
ANSWER:
a
ANSWER:
d
103. Use of musculature to impede the outflow of air in expiration
ANSWER:
c
104. Excessive oxygenation of blood
ANSWER:
a
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thorax
b.
abdomen
alveoli
d.
gravity
elasticity
torque
ANSWER:
a
115. Make up the exchange unit for respiration
ANSWER:
c
ANSWER:
e
117. Effects of this force of respiration change as posture changes
ANSWER:
vital capacity
b.
functional residual capacity
total lung capacity
d.
inspiratory capacity
ANSWER:
c
119. The combination of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
121. The combination of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
ANSWER:
a
112. Refers to the actual movement of air within the conducting respiratory pathway
ANSWER:
c
113. Type of expiration that requires muscular effort
ANSWER:
e