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Page 1
1. Which of the following is defined as the exchange of oxygen between an organism and its environment?
a.
Elimination
b.
Expiration
c.
Respiration
d.
Inspiration
ANSWER:
c
2. Gas exchange occurs within the minute air sacs of the lungs called
a.
alveoli.
b.
trachea.
c.
bronchi.
d.
terminal bronchioles.
ANSWER:
a
3. Pressure is defined as
a.
F = P/A.
b.
F = A/P.
c.
F = P x A/P.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
a
4. Boyle’s law states that
a.
given a constant temperature and pressure, increasing the number of molecules in a container will increase the
pressure.
b.
given a volume of gas, increasing the pressure on the gas will increase the number of molecules in the gas.
c.
given a gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will
decrease the pressure.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
c
5. When the volume of a closed container such as a hypodermic needle is increased,
a.
pressure increases.
b.
pressure decreases.
c.
Boyle’s law is violated.
d.
air or liquid will be sucked into the hypodermic needle.
ANSWER:
b
6. The lungs are housed within the
a.
abdominal region.
b.
sternal cavity.
c.
diaphragm.
d.
thorax.
ANSWER:
d
7. The lateral aspect of the thorax is made up of the
a.
rib cage.
b.
diaphragm.
c.
sternum and clavicle.
d.
scapula.
ANSWER:
a
8. The functional unit of the vertebral column is the
a.
spinous process.
b.
vertebrae.
c.
lateral process.
d.
vertebral canal.
ANSWER:
b
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Page 2
9. How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human body?
a.
12
b.
6
c.
4
d.
7
ANSWER:
d
10. How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human body?
a.
17
b.
7
c.
12
d.
8
ANSWER:
c
11. How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human body?
a.
8
b.
4
c.
6 or 7
d.
None of the above
ANSWER:
d
12. How many sacral vertebrae are there in the human body?
a.
5
b.
7
c.
12
d.
None of the above
ANSWER:
a
13. Which process forms the palpable aspect of the vertebral column?
a.
Lateral
b.
Costal
c.
Spinous
d.
Anterior
ANSWER:
c
14. Which processes form the primary attachment of the rib to the vertebral column?
a.
Transverse
b.
Costal
c.
Vertebral
d.
Posterior
ANSWER:
a
15. Which is the channel through which the spinal cord passes?
a.
Vagal formation
b.
Foramen ovale
c.
Alveolar portion
d.
Vertebral foramen
ANSWER:
d
16. Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord via the
a.
vagal trigone.
b.
foramen magnum.
c.
intervertebral foramen.
d.
pterygoid fossa.
ANSWER:
c
17. The odontoid process is present only on the
a.
second cervical vertebra.
b.
second thoracic vertebra.
c.
second lumbar vertebra.
d.
second sacral vertebra.
ANSWER:
a
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Page 3
18. C1 is termed the
a.
axis.
b.
atlas.
c.
apex.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
b
19. The pelvic girdle is comprised of the ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and
a.
ischium.
b.
sacroiliac.
c.
icthic bone.
d.
sarcoid unit.
ANSWER:
a
20. Which of the following forms the superior attachment for the inguinal ligament?
a.
Transverse process of S5
b.
Sacral ridge
c.
Pubic symphysis
d.
Iliac crest
ANSWER:
d
21. Which is the inferior-most component of the vertebral column?
a.
Coccyx
b.
Sacrum
c.
Pubic symphysis
d.
Sacral ridge
ANSWER:
a
22. The pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and
a.
sternum.
b.
cervical portion of the vertebral column.
c.
clavicle.
d.
inguinal ligament.
ANSWER:
c
23. There is/are how many floating ribs?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
ANSWER:
b
24. There are how many true ribs?
a.
12
b.
7
c.
5
d.
3
ANSWER:
b
25. At rest, the rib cage slopes
a.
downward.
b.
upward.
c.
laterally.
d.
transversely.
ANSWER:
a
26. A relative increase in air pressure over atmospheric pressure is known as ____________________ pressure.
ANSWER:
positive
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27. A relative decrease in air pressure under atmospheric pressure is known as ____________________ pressure.
ANSWER:
negative
28. The ____________________ of the sternum is the point of attachment for the first rib and clavicle.
ANSWER:
manubrium
29. The ____________________ of the sternum is the largest component, forming the point of attachment for all but one
of the true ribs.
ANSWER:
Corpus
30. The ____________________ process is the inferior-most aspect of the sternum.
ANSWER:
ensiform
xiphoid
31. The ____________________ is a flexible tube beneath the larynx, forming the first passageway to the lungs.
ANSWER:
trachea
32. The ____________________ is the point of bifurcation of the trachea.
ANSWER:
carina
carina tracheae
33. The esophagus is (anterior/posterior) ____________________ to the trachea.
ANSWER:
posterior
34. The (left/right) ____________________ lung has two lobes.
ANSWER:
left
35. Secondary bronchi serve the ____________________ of the lungs.
ANSWER:
lobes
36. Tertiary bronchi serve the ____________________ of the lungs.
ANSWER:
segments
37. Alveoli are located at the ends of the ____________________ bronchioles.
ANSWER:
terminal
38. During inspiration, the diaphragm is contracted, which causes it to (elevate/depress) ____________________.
ANSWER:
depress
39. During inspiration, the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage contract, causing the rib cage to (elevate/depress)
____________________.
ANSWER:
elevate
40. When the rib cage becomes smaller during respiration, air will flow (into/out of) ____________________ the lungs.
ANSWER:
out of
41. The term used for a punctured lung is ____________________.
Name:
Class:
Date:
CHAPTER 2 - ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
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ANSWER:
pneumothorax
42. The ____________________ lining completely envelops the lungs and the interior thoracic wall.
ANSWER:
pleural
43. The ____________________ pleurae cover the surface of the lungs.
ANSWER:
parietal
44. The ____________________ pleurae cover the rib cage.
ANSWER:
costal
45. When the serous fluid between the pleural linings is lost or reduced, a person is said to have ____________________.
ANSWER:
pleurisy
46. The space holding the heart is termed the ____________________.
ANSWER:
mediastinum
47. The ____________________ nerve innervates the diaphragm.
ANSWER:
phrenic
48. The ____________________ attachment of the diaphragm is the anterior-most point of origin of this muscle.
ANSWER:
sternal
49. The ____________________ tendon is the point of insertion for all muscle fibers of the diaphragm.
ANSWER:
central
50. The diaphragm muscle fibers arising from the ____________________ point of attachment encircle the esophagus as
they transit to the central tendon.
ANSWER:
vertebral
51. When the diaphragm contracts, the central tendon (elevates/depresses) ____________________.
ANSWER:
depresses
52. The phrenic nerve arises from the ____________________ plexus.
ANSWER:
cervical
53. The ____________________ intercostal muscles are muscles of inspiration.
ANSWER:
external
54. The ____________________ portion of the internal intercostal muscles is involved in inspiration.
ANSWER:
interchondral
chondral
55. The ____________________ intercostal muscles are primarily involved in expiration.
ANSWER:
internal
56. The external intercostal muscles (elevate/depress) ____________________ the rib cage.
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CHAPTER 2 - ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
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Page 6
ANSWER:
elevate
57. The serratus posterior superior muscles (elevate/depress) ____________________ the rib cage.
ANSWER:
elevate
58. The ____________________ muscle elevates the sternum and clavicle, and also rotates the head.
ANSWER:
sternocleidomastoid
59. The ____________________ muscle is actually a muscle of the arm, and elevates the rib cage by means of sternal and
clavicular muscular components.
ANSWER:
pectoralis major
60. The ____________________ muscle is a massive muscle of inspiration making up the superficial upper back and
neck; it originates along the spinous processes of C2 to T12 by means of fascial connection.
ANSWER:
trapezius
61. The _________________________ muscles are posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration that elevate the rib cage.
Each portion originates on a transverse process of a vertebra (from C7 through T11), for a total of 12 muscles. Fibers
course obliquely down and out to insert into the tubercle of the rib below.
ANSWER:
levator costarum brevis
62. The _________________________ muscle originates on the spinous processes of C7 and T1 through T3. Fibers from
these muscles course down and laterally to insert just beyond the angles of ribs 2 through 5. This group of muscles
elevates the rib cage during inspiration.
ANSWER:
serratus posterior superior
63. The ____________________ muscle is found on the inner surface of the rib cage, originating on the margin of the
sternum, with fibers coursing to the inner chondral surface of ribs 2 through 6. Contraction of this muscle resists elevation
of the rib cage and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
ANSWER:
transversus thoracis
64. The _________________________ muscles originate on the spinous processes of the T11, T12, and L1 through L3
vertebrae and course up and laterally to insert into the lower margin of the lower five ribs. Contraction of these muscles
pulls the rib cage down for expiration.
ANSWER:
serratus posterior inferior
65. The ____________________ hiatus is the opening of the diaphragm that permits connection of the pharyngeal region
with the stomach.
ANSWER:
esophageal
66. What are the three major structures of respiration?
ANSWER:
The three major structures of respiration are:
1. Bony thorax, which contains the vertebrae, vertebral column, ribs, pectoral girdle, sternum, and pelvic
girdle.
2. Visceral thorax, which contains the respiratory passageway, lungs, and the mediastinum.
3. Muscles of respiration, which contain the diaphragm, accessory muscles of inspiration, accessory
muscles of expiration, and muscles of postural control.
Name:
Class:
Date:
CHAPTER 2 - ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
ANSWER:
1. True (vertebrosternal) ribs, which include the upper ribs (1-7), all of which are directly attached to the
sternum.
2. False (vertebrochondral) ribs, which include ribs 8, 9, and 10, and are attached to the sternum through
cartilage.
3. Floating (vertebral) ribs (ribs 11 and 12), which articulate only with the vertebral column.
68. What are the three morphological changes that occur in people with emphysema?
ANSWER:
1. The first morphological change affects the alveoli of the lungs. The walls of the alveoli break down, and
clusters of alveoli become a single sac.
2. The second morphological change arises as a result of the first change. The person experiences an
ongoing shortage of oxygen, must breathe deeper and deeper to accommodate, and thus develops a "barrel
chest."
3. The third morphological change results in respiratory failure, which leaves the person susceptible to
respiratory disorders such as pneumonia.
69. What it "dry" pleurisy?
ANSWER:
Pleurisy is a disease characterized by inflammation of the pleural linings of the thoracic cavity. This
inflammation can result in a condition called "dry pleurisy," which causes the client severe pain upon
breathing. The cause of the pain is the loss of the lubricating quality of the intrapleural fluid. Adhesions may
form that cause portions of the parietal pleurae to adhere to the visceral pleurae. Pleurisy may be unilateral or
bilateral, and may cause excessive fluid (which is sometimes purulent) in the pleural space.
Name:
Class:
Date:
75. Forms the superior aspect of the pectoral girdle
ANSWER:
d
Name:
Class:
Date:
CHAPTER 2 - ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
ANSWER:
d
84. Pulls the ribs closer together as it depresses the rib cage
ANSWER:
e
85. Courses from the thoracolumbar fascia to the linea semilunaris
ANSWER:
b
Name:
Class:
Date:
93. Forms the superior point of attachment for the rectus abdominis
ANSWER:
b
94. Divides the left and right rectus abdominis muscles
ANSWER:
d
95. Courses from the iliac crest to the pubic symphysis
ANSWER:
a
Name:
Class:
Date:
103. Internal intercostal, interchondral component
ANSWER:
a
104. Trapezius
ANSWER:
c
105. Quadratus lumborum
ANSWER:
d
106. Transversus thoracis
ANSWER:
b
107. Pectoralis major
ANSWER:
a
108. Scalenus anterior
ANSWER:
c
109. Rhomboideus major and minor
ANSWER:
d
Name:
Class:
Date:
110. Rectus abdominis
ANSWER:
b
111. Transversus abdominis
ANSWER:
a
112. External oblique abdominis
ANSWER:
d
113. Internal oblique abdominis
ANSWER:
c
114. Muscle that brings the pubic symphysis and the sternum closer together when it contracts.
ANSWER:
b
Name:
Class:
Date:
115. Posterior-most attachment of the diaphragm
ANSWER:
c
116. Sternal attachment of the diaphragm
ANSWER:
a
117. The esophageal hiatus
ANSWER:
d
118. Point of attachment arising from the L4 and L5 vertebrae
ANSWER:
c
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119. A muscle of inspiration
ANSWER:
b
120. Internal intercostal muscle
ANSWER:
a
121. Chondral portion of the rib cage
ANSWER:
c
122. External intercostal muscle
ANSWER:
b
