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1. Approximately how many neurons are there in the human body?
a.
100,000
b.
100,000,000
c.
100,000,000,000
d.
100,000,000,000,000
ANSWER:
c
2. Each neuron interacts with approximately how many other neurons?
a.
2
b.
20
c.
200
d.
2,000
ANSWER:
d
3. Commands for voluntary functions originate in the
a.
spinal cord.
b.
brainstem.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
cerebrum.
ANSWER:
d
4. Sensory information will not reach consciousness if it does not reach the
a.
spinal cord.
b.
brainstem.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
cerebrum.
ANSWER:
d
5. The structure that is responsible for coordination is the
a.
brainstem.
b.
cerebrum.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
corpus callosum.
ANSWER:
c
6. The term for a group of nerve cells in the central nervous system is
a.
ganglion.
b.
nucleus.
c.
colliculus.
d.
fasciculus.
ANSWER:
b
7. The term for a group of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system is
a.
fasciculus.
b.
ganglion.
c.
colliculus.
d.
nucleus.
ANSWER:
b
8. A term referring to specialized tissues that monitor different stimuli within the environment is
a.
effectors.
b.
affectors.
c.
sensors.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
c
9. Shivering and perspiration in response to external thermal conditions are controlled by the
a.
thalamus.
b.
hypothalamus.
c.
epithalamus.
d.
basal ganglia.
ANSWER:
b
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10. The term for the ability to recognize an object through touch is
a.
stereognosis.
b.
agnosia.
c.
gnosis.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
a
11. Sensation related to pain, heat or cold, and mechanical stimulation is the
a.
somatic sense.
b.
vestibular sense.
c.
proprioceptive sense.
d.
stereognostic sense.
ANSWER:
a
12. Light pressure is a form of
a.
chemoception.
b.
mechanoception.
c.
thermoception.
d.
vestibular sense.
ANSWER:
b
13. Olfaction is mediated by
a.
mechanoreceptors.
b.
thermoreceptors.
c.
proprioceptors.
d.
chemoreceptors.
ANSWER:
d
14. Vision is mediated by
a.
thermoreceptors.
b.
photoreceptors.
c.
phonoreceptors.
d.
proprioceptors.
ANSWER:
b
15. A functional dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of
a.
central and peripheral nervous systems.
b.
somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
c.
pyramidal and extrapyramidal nervous systems.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
b
16. A structural dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of
a.
firing rate and firing latency.
b.
absolute refractory and relative refractory periods.
c.
central and peripheral nervous systems.
d.
somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
ANSWER:
c
17. Which of these is not a component of the central nervous system?
a.
Basal ganglia
b.
Sensory ganglia
c.
Cerebellum
d.
Cerebrum
ANSWER:
b
18. Which of these is not a component of the peripheral nervous system?
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a.
Cranial nerve VII
b.
Sensory ganglion for C4
c.
Basal ganglia
d.
Spinal nerve T2
ANSWER:
c
19. Involuntary visceral functions are governed by the
a.
automatic nervous system.
b.
somatic nervous system.
c.
central nervous system.
d.
autonomic nervous system.
e.
peripheral nervous system.
ANSWER:
d
20. Protective, reactive responses such as goosebumps, sweating, and pupil dilation are triggered by the
a.
sympathetic nervous system.
b.
nonsympathetic nervous system.
c.
emotional nervous system.
d.
irrational nervous system.
ANSWER:
a
21. The type of cell that provides nutrients, as well as a filter function, is the
a.
neuron.
b.
mitochondria.
c.
glia.
d.
none of the above.
ANSWER:
c
22. The type of cell that is the functional building block of the nervous system is the
a.
glial cell.
b.
oligodendrocyte.
c.
Schwann cell.
d.
neuron.
ANSWER:
d
23. The typical site for reception of excitatory stimulation on a neuron is the
a.
soma.
b.
dendrite.
c.
axon.
d.
telodendria.
ANSWER:
b
24. The typical site for reception of inhibitor stimulation on a neuron is the
a.
axon.
b.
dendrite.
c.
soma.
d.
synaptic bulb.
ANSWER:
a
25. Which of the following substances provides insulation for the axon, as well as a means of increasing rate of
conduction of neural impulses?
a.
Basal ganglia
b.
Neurotransmitter
c.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
d.
Myelin
ANSWER:
d
26. ____________________ refers to partial contraction of musculature to maintain muscle tone.
ANSWER:
Tonicity
27. Voluntary functions are the domain of the ____________________ of the brain.
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ANSWER:
cerebral cortex
28. Coordination of movement is the domain of the ____________________ of the brain.
ANSWER:
cerebellum
29. ____________________ pathways transmit information concerning the status of the body to the brain.
ANSWER:
Sensory
Afferent
30. ____________________ refers to sensation of muscle and joint position.
ANSWER:
Proprioception
31. ____________________ refers to the ability to recognize the form of an object through touch.
ANSWER:
Stereognosis
32. The ____________________ sense relates to pain, thermal sensation, and mechanical stimulation.
ANSWER:
Somatic
33. ____________________ sense is the sense of the body in motion.
ANSWER:
Kinesthetic
34. Vision, audition, olfaction, and taste are ____________________ senses.
ANSWER:
special
35. ____________________ respond to physical distortion of tissue.
ANSWER:
Mechanoreceptors
36. ____________________ respond to chemical stimulation.
ANSWER:
Chemoreceptors
37. ____________________ respond specifically to changes in temperature.
ANSWER:
Thermoreceptors
38. ____________________ are a class of receptors monitoring sensation arising from within the body.
ANSWER:
Interoceptors
39. ____________________ are a class of receptors monitoring sensation arising from outside the body.
ANSWER:
Exteroceptors
40. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem belong to the ____________________ nervous system.
ANSWER:
central
41. The cranial nerves are part of the ____________________ nervous system.
ANSWER:
peripheral
42. Digestion is governed by the ____________________ nervous system.
ANSWER:
autonomic
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43. Ascending or sensory pathways are referred to as ____________________.
ANSWER:
afferent
44. Descending or motor pathways are referred to as ____________________.
ANSWER:
efferent
45. The ____________________ nervous system involves those aspects of bodily function that are under conscious and
voluntary control.
ANSWER:
somatic
46. The ____________________ system arises from the pyramidal cells of the motor strip of the cerebral cortex and is
largely responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts.
ANSWER:
pyramidal
47. The ____________________ system arises from the cerebral cortex and is responsible for the background tone and
movement supporting the primary acts.
ANSWER:
extrapyramidal
indirect
48. The ____________________ is also referred to as the prosencephalon.
ANSWER:
forebrain
49. The ____________________ is also referred to as the mesencephalon.
ANSWER:
midbrain
50. The ____________________ is also referred to as the rhombencephalon.
ANSWER:
hindbrain
51. The term ____________________ refers to the “extended” or “telescoped” brain, and includes the cerebral
hemispheres, the white matter immediately beneath it, the basal ganglia, and the olfactory tract.
ANSWER:
telencephalon
52. The ____________________ refers to the structures of olfaction.
ANSWER:
rhinencephalon
53. The ____________________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic tract.
ANSWER:
diencephalon
54. The ____________________ is the midbrain of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
mesencephalon
55. The ____________________ includes the pons and cerebellum.
ANSWER:
metencephalon
56. The term ____________________ refers to the medulla oblongata.
ANSWER:
myelencephalon
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57. ____________________ are support tissue within the nervous system.
ANSWER:
glial cells
glia
58. The function of ____________________ is to transmit information.
ANSWER:
neurons
59. Information generally enters the ____________________ of the neuron and exits at the axon.
ANSWER:
dendrite
60. ____________________ refers to stimulation that causes an increase in activity of the tissue stimulated.
ANSWER:
Excitation
61. ____________________ refers to stimulation of a neuron that reduces the neuron’s output.
ANSWER:
Inhibition
62. ____________________ is a white, fatty wrapping made up of Schwann cells (in the PNS) or oligodendrocytes (in the
CNS); it speeds up neural conduction.
ANSWER:
Myelin
63. Myelin in the peripheral nervous system is made up of ____________________ cells.
ANSWER:
Schwann
64. Myelin in the central nervous system is made up of ____________________.
ANSWER:
oligodendrocytes
65. An area of a myelinated axon on which there is no myelin is called a ____________________.
ANSWER:
node of Ranvier
66. Synaptic vesicles are found within the ____________________.
ANSWER:
end boutons
67. ____________________ is found within the synaptic vesicles.
ANSWER:
Neurotransmitter
68. The juncture between two communicating neurons is the ____________________.
ANSWER:
synapse
69. The term “gray matter” refers to the specific part of a neuron known as the ____________________.
ANSWER:
soma
70. The term “white matter” refers to the specific component of a neuron known as ____________________.
ANSWER:
myelin
71. ____________________ neurons have a single, bifurcating process arising from the soma.
ANSWER:
Monopolar
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72. The 31 pairs of ____________________ arise from the spinal cord.
ANSWER:
spinal nerves
73. There are (number) ____________________ pairs of cervical spinal nerves.
ANSWER:
8
74. The (posterior/anterior) ____________________ region of a spinal cord segment receives sensory information.
ANSWER:
posterior
75. The (posterior/anterior) ____________________ region of the spinal cord segments provides efferent stimulation to
muscles innervated by that segment.
ANSWER:
anterior
76. Sensory information enters the spinal cord via ____________________ root fibers.
ANSWER:
dorsal
77. The lower motor neuron is also known as the ____________________ common pathway.
ANSWER:
final
78. The ____________________ tract conveys information from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves.
ANSWER:
corticospinal
79. The ____________________ tract conveys information from the cerebrum to the brainstem cranial nuclei.
ANSWER:
corticobulbar
80. Most fibers of the corticospinal tract decussate at the ____________________ of the medulla.
ANSWER:
pyramids
81. Fibers of the corticospinal tract that do not decussate at the pyramids descend uncrossed as the
____________________ tract.
ANSWER:
anterior corticospinal
82. The tectospinal tract arises in the ____________________ of the midbrain.
ANSWER:
superior colliculus
83. The rubrospinal tract arises from the ____________________ nucleus.
ANSWER:
red
84. The lateral vestibular nucleus gives rise to the ____________________ tract, which terminates at the spinal level.
ANSWER:
vestibulospinal
85. The pyramidal decussation occurs in the (brainstem structure) ____________________.
ANSWER:
medulla oblongata
86. The ____________________ is the most inferior level of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
medulla oblongata
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87. The XII, XI, X, and IX cranial nerves arise from the ____________________ level of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
medulla oblongata
88. The obex is a landmark of the ____________________ of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
medulla oblongata
89. The ____________________ level of the brainstem is immediately superior to the medulla.
ANSWER:
pons
90. The V, VI, VII, and VIII cranial nerves exit from the ____________________ of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
pons
91. The superior and middle cerebellar peduncles arise from the ____________________ of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
pons
92. The superior-most structure of the brainstem is the ____________________.
ANSWER:
midbrain
93. The cerebral peduncles are found at the level of the ____________________ in the brainstem.
ANSWER:
midbrain
94. The II, III, and IV cranial nerves arise from the ____________________ of the brainstem.
ANSWER:
midbrain
95. The superior and inferior colliculi are found at the level of the ____________________ in the brainstem.
ANSWER:
midbrain
96. The posterior portion of the pons is known as the ____________________.
ANSWER:
tegmentum
97. The superior olivary complex is a group of nuclei associated with the special sense of ____________________.
ANSWER:
audition
98. The inferior colliculus is associated with the special sense of ____________________.
ANSWER:
audition
99. The superior colliculus is associated with the special sense of ____________________.
ANSWER:
vision
100. The ____________________ is a dark brown mass of cells that manufacture dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential
for normal movement.
ANSWER:
substantia nigra
101. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ is not a true cranial nerve because it reaches the brain
without passing through the brainstem.
ANSWER:
I olfactory
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102. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ mediates olfaction.
ANSWER:
I olfactory
103. Olfaction refers to the sense of ____________________.
ANSWER:
smell
104. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ mediates visual input.
ANSWER:
II ophthalmic
105. The lateral geniculate body is a nucleus of the thalamus related to the sense of ____________________.
ANSWER:
vision
106. Most of the extrinsic ocular muscles receive motor innervation from the (cranial nerve and number)
____________________.
ANSWER:
III oculomotor
107. The superior oblique muscle of the eye is innervated by the (cranial nerve and number) ____________________.
ANSWER:
IV trochlear
108. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ provides motor innervation of the muscles of mastication.
ANSWER:
V trigeminal
109. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ transmits sensory information from the facial region.
ANSWER:
V trigeminal
110. The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the skin of the upper
face, forehead, and scalp; cornea, iris, upper eyelid, conjunctiva; nasal cavity mucous membrane; and lacrimal gland.
ANSWER:
ophthalmic
111. The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the lower eyelid;
skin on the sides of the nose; upper jaw, teeth, and lip; mucosal lining of the buccal and nasal cavities; the maxillary
sinuses; and the nasopharynx.
ANSWER:
maxillary
112. The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the mandible,
including the skin, lower teeth, gums, and lip; a portion of the skin and mucosal lining of the cheek; the external auditory
meatus and auricle; the temporomandibular joint; and the region of the temporal bone, as well as supplying kinesthetic
and proprioceptive sense to the muscles of mastication.
ANSWER:
mandibular
113. The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of mastication, the tensor
tympani, and the tensor veli palatini.
ANSWER:
mandibular
114. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
ANSWER:
VI abducens
115. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ provides motor innervation for the muscles of facial
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expression.
ANSWER:
VII facial
116. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ nerve mediates the sense of taste for the anterior two-thirds
of the tongue.
ANSWER:
VII facial
117. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ nerve mediates the senses of audition and vestibular sense.
ANSWER:
VIII vestibulocochlear
118. The ____________________ branch of the VIII cranial nerve mediates the sense of head position in space.
ANSWER:
vestibular
119. The ____________________ branch of the VIII cranial nerve mediates the sense of hearing.
ANSWER:
auditory
120. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ nerve provides motor innervation of the stylopharyngeus
and superior constrictor muscles.
ANSWER:
IX glossopharyngeal
121. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ provides motor innervation to the muscles of the larynx.
ANSWER:
X vagus
122. The ____________________ nerve of the X cranial nerve innervates adductors and the abductor of the vocal folds.
ANSWER:
recurrent laryngeal
123. The ____________________ nerve of the X cranial nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle.
ANSWER:
superior laryngeal
124. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ nerve provides motor innervation to the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
ANSWER:
XI accessory
125. The (cranial nerve and number) ____________________ provides motor innervation to the tongue.
ANSWER:
XII hypoglossal
126. The most superficial meningeal layer of the brain is the ____________________.
ANSWER:
dura mater
127. The ____________________ is a part of the dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres.
ANSWER:
falx cerebri
128. ____________________ fluid arises from the ventricles of the brain.
ANSWER:
Cerebrospinal
129. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid arises from the ____________________ plexus of each lateral ventricle.
ANSWER:
choroid
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130. The ____________________ ventricles are horseshoe-shaped cavities of the cerebrum.
ANSWER:
lateral
131. The lateral and third ventricles communicate via the ____________________ foramen of Monro.
ANSWER:
interventricular
132. The ____________________ ventricle separates the right and left thalami.
ANSWER:
third
133. The third and fourth ventricles are connected by the ____________________.
ANSWER:
cerebral aqueduct
134. The ____________________ fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
ANSWER:
cerebral longitudinal
135. Outfoldings of the cortex are called ____________________.
ANSWER:
gyri
136. Infoldings of the cortex are called ____________________.
ANSWER:
sulci
137. Deep infoldings of the cortex are called ____________________.
ANSWER:
fissures
138. The ____________________ divides the parietal and frontal lobes.
ANSWER:
Rolandic fissure
central sulcus
139. The ____________________ fissure separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes.
ANSWER:
Sylvian
lateral
140. The ____________________ lobe of the cerebrum predominates in planning and initiation of voluntary motion.
ANSWER:
frontal
141. Broca’s area is found in the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
frontal
142. The motor strip is found in the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
frontal
143. The premotor region is found in the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
frontal
144. The precentral gyrus is also known as the ____________________.
ANSWER:
motor strip
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145. The ____________________ lobe is the primary reception site for somatic sense.
ANSWER:
parietal
146. Somatic sensory information is received at the ____________________ gyrus.
ANSWER:
postcentral
147. The angular gyrus is found in the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
parietal
148. The ____________________ lobe is the site of auditory reception.
ANSWER:
temporal
149. Wernicke’s area is found in the posterior portion of the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
temporal
150. The specific site of auditory reception is in ____________________ gyrus.
ANSWER:
Heschl’s
151. Visual information is received by the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
occipital
152. The operculum overlies the ____________________.
ANSWER:
insula
153. The ____________________ provides communication concerning sensation and memory among the diverse regions
of the two hemispheres by means of myelinated fibers.
ANSWER:
corpus callosum
154. ____________________ fibers connect the cortex with distant locations.
ANSWER:
Projection
155. ____________________ fibers provide communication between regions of the same hemisphere.
ANSWER:
Association
156. ____________________ fibers run from major regions of one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the
opposite hemisphere.
ANSWER:
Commissural
157. The ____________________ is strongly implicated in memory function.
ANSWER:
hippocampus
158. The final sensory relay is the ____________________.
ANSWER:
thalamus
159. The ____________________ regulates reproductive behavior and physiology; desire or perception of need for food
and water; perception of satiation; control of digestive processes; and metabolic functions, including maintenance of water
balance and body temperature.
Name:
Class:
Date:
has been reduced between 20% and 50% by requiring riders to use helmets and up to 85 % for bicycle riders.
ANSWER:
hypothalamus
160. The ____________________ cerebral artery supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes, the corpus
callosum, the basal ganglia, and the anterior limb internal capsule.
ANSWER:
anterior
161. The ____________________ cerebral artery courses laterally along the inferior surface of the brain and through the
lateral (Sylvian) fissure, providing blood to the lateral surface of the hemispheres, including the temporal lobe, motor
strip, Wernicke’s area, sensory reception regions, and association area.
ANSWER:
middle
162. The ____________________ artery serves the inferior temporal and occipital lobes, the medial occipital lobe and
primary visual cortex, the upper midbrain, the diencephalon, and the cerebellum.
ANSWER:
posterior
163. The ____________________ is responsible for coordination of sensory and motor commands to facilitate movement.
ANSWER:
cerebellum
164. The ____________________ of the cerebellum separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.
ANSWER:
vermis
165. The flocculi and nodulus of the cerebellum make up the ____________________ lobe.
ANSWER:
flocculonodular
166. The outer layer of the cerebellar cortex is the ____________________ layer.
ANSWER:
molecular
167. The middle layer of the cerebellar cortex is the ____________________ layer.
ANSWER:
Purkinje
168. What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
ANSWER:
The two divisions of the nervous system are the anatomical division and the functional divisions.
The anatomical division is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS). The central nervous system includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, thalamus,
subthalamus, and basal ganglia. The peripheral nervous system includes the spinal nerves, cranial nerves,
and sensors.
The functional divisions of the nervous system are composed of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and
the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (involuntary component) includes the
sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is the
voluntary component of the nervous system.
169. What type of brain damage is a leading cause of death in individuals under the age of 24, what is a major factor in its
cause, and how can it be prevented?
ANSWER:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death in individuals under 24 years old. Deaths related to
transportation (e.g., automobiles, motorcycles, and bicycles) surpass all other causes of TBI (e.g., falls,
Name:
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Date:
170. What is locked-in syndrome, what causes this disorder, and what impact does this syndrome have on the client?
ANSWER:
Locked-in syndrome is a devastating disorder that may develop following a brainstem stroke or
cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This disorder causes complete paralysis of all muscles with the exception of
the ocular muscles that control movement of the eyes. Usually locked-in syndrome does not impede sensory or
cognitive function. Thus the client is able to think normally, but cannot communicate his or her thoughts,
feelings, or needs. In order to communicate with others, the client usually must learn a system of eye blinks.
171. Which cranial nerve is considered to be the final and also the first cranial nerve, where is it located, and what purpose
might this nerve serve in humans?
ANSWER:
Cranial nerve 0, also called the terminal nerve, is considered by scientists to be the final and also the first
cranial nerve. This nerve is located on either side of the nasal septum. While cranial nerve 0 is definitely
present in sharks and mammals, there is a controversy among scientists as to whether this nerve exists
functionally in humans. Many investigators believe that cranial nerve 0 is present in almost one-half of
humans and that individuals may use this nerve as a subconscious means for selecting their mates.
172. What are the four lobes of the brain that control cognitive and sensory functions?
ANSWER:
The four lobes of the brain that control cognitive and sensory functions are the (1) frontal lobe, which is
essential for cognitive function, contains the speech center, and predominates in planning, as well as the
initiation and inhibition of voluntary motion; (2) parietal lobe, which is responsible for receiving somatic
(body) sense; (3) temporal lobe, which is a vitally important site for auditory and language reception and
processing; and (4) occipital lobe, which is the region that receives visual stimulation and also processes
higher level visual data.
173. The loss of which two areas of sensory function are of particular concern to speech-language pathologists and
auditory specialists?
ANSWER:
Speech-language pathologists and auditory specialists are particularly interested in the areas of sensory
function that are connected with hearing and vestibular function. When there is a failure of sensory systems,
the nervous system loses the valuable information that it needs to function properly. A loss of hearing during
the prenatal period of life can retard the development of speech and language. Severe problems with
communication may arise when hearing loss occurs following the prenatal period. Vestibular dysfunction can
cause vertigo and serious problems with balance. Meniere’s disease (endolymphatic hydrops) is an example of
a disorder associated with vestibular dysfunction.