48) Jason’s company has always emphasized that every employee is an important part of the
company’s success and does not highlight individual achievements. By emphasizing the group,
Jason’s company will most likely
A) encourage competition between members of the group.
B) expose managers to different ways of doing business.
C) foster dynamism and entrepreneurship.
D) discourage employees from moving from company to company.
E) fail to facilitate self-managing work teams.
49) One possible downside of emphasizing the primacy of group identification over individualism
is that it
A) encourages managerial mobility between companies.
B) leads to a lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship.
C) hampers team building and cooperation.
D) raises the costs of doing business due to its adverse impact on managerial stability.
E) leads to the lack of company-specific skills and a network of contacts among managers.
50) Kylie was born into a family that owns numerous corporations and more than one multimillion
dollar home. She never worried about paying for college or buying her own car. These
characteristics define Kylie’s
A) mores.
B) social strata.
C) folkways.
D) values.
E) caste system.
51) What is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family
into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an
individual’s lifetime?
A) caste system
B) merit system
C) class system
D) collectivism
E) individualism
52) Mountland Republic follows a system of social stratification that allows for flexibility in terms
of social mobility. In this system of open stratification, the status of a person is solely determined
by his or her own socioeconomic achievements. Mountland Republic is most likely to be following
what type of system of social stratification?
A) caste
B) class
C) religious
D) grade
E) bureaucratic
53) In the country of Burnada, citizens are restricted from moving out of the strata they are born
into. Also, individuals are allowed to engage only in the same occupation as their parents. The
system of social stratification being practiced in Burnada can be identified as a
A) cluster system.
B) caste system.
C) merit-based system.
D) class system.
E) bureaucracy-based system.
54) Some sociologists argue that ________ has a more rigid class structure than other western
societies, including the United States.
A) South Africa
B) India
C) Italy
D) Japan
E) the United Kingdom
55) When Shari learned that Monica was from a poor neighborhood in the South, she decided to
stop befriending her since her own family lives in a wealthy neighborhood along the beach. Shari’s
choice is an example of
A) social mobility.
B) class consciousness.
C) cross-culture literacy.
D) extended social groups.
E) class representativeness.
56) In the Republic of Cedia, people are extremely conscious about their social backgrounds. This
in turn regulates their relationships with members of other classes. What will likely result from this
heightened class consciousness?
A) The mobility between the social classes of the Cedian society will increase.
B) The level of industrial disruption and industrial disputes will be low.
C) Most of the population will perceive itself to be middle class.
D) An antagonistic relationship will exist between management and labor classes.
E) Successful individuals, irrespective of their origins, will be highly respected.
57) A high degrees of class consciousness in societies can be disruptive within industries, which
can often lead to
A) high levels of social mobility.
B) healthy relationships between management and labor classes.
C) low levels of industrial disruption.
D) an increase in the costs of production.
E) greater opportunities for businesses to establish competitive advantage.
58) Which ethical system that has influenced behavior and shaped culture in parts of Asia, is not
considered a religion?
A) Confucianism
B) Hinduism
C) Islam
D) Christianity
E) Buddhism
59) In 1904, Max Weber theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism and
A) personal happiness.
B) freedom.
C) capitalism.
D) ethics.
E) manufacturing.
60) Sociologists argue that the ________ branch of Christianity has had the greatest effect on the
economy.
A) Orthodox
B) Muslim
C) Catholic
D) Jewish
E) Protestant
61) According to Max Weber, the Protestant tributes of hard work, wealth creation, and ________
fostered the emergence of modern capitalism.
A) polychronic time
B) positivity
C) ethnocentrism
D) monochronic time
E) frugality
62) The rise of Islamic fundamentalism is, in part, a response to the
A) denial of equal rights for women and other minorities.
B) movement in traditional Islamic societies toward modernization.
C) narrowing gap between the rich and the poor.
D) increasing standard of living in Islamic societies.
E) widening gap between the highly developed and the less developed nations.
63) What is a characteristic of the Islam religion?
A) Islam has roots in Confucianism.
B) Islamic ethics support worldly gain and temporal power.
C) Islam forbids the consumption of pork and alcohol.
D) Islam makes a clear distinction between church and state.
E) Unlike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is not a monotheistic religion.
64) According to Islamic beliefs, private property is considered
A) a favor from Allah.
B) property of the state.
C) a privilege and not a right.
D) a sign of wealth and prosperity.
E) a sign of moral degradation.
65) A major distinction between a conventional bank and an Islamic bank is that Islamic banks
A) are allowed to charge higher interest rates on loans.
B) cannot accept private deposit.
C) cannot pay or charge interest.
D) are not subject to any form of law.
E) are supposed to refrain from making a profit through any source.
66) A mudarabah contract might be categorized as a(n) ________ in the United States.
A) profit-sharing scheme
B) mortgage
C) personal loan
D) unethical transaction
E) property tax
67) Parul’s religion believes in the spiritual progression of each person’s soul and that dharma is the
moral force guiding behavior. Which religion does this describe?
A) Hinduism
B) Islam
C) Protestantism
D) Buddhism
E) Catholicism
68) Which religion does NOT owe its founding to any one particular individual?
A) Buddhism
B) Hinduism
C) Christianity
D) Islam
E) Catholicism
69) Dharma refers to
A) the spiritual progression of each person’s soul.
B) a moral force that requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities.
C) the belief in reincarnation.
D) a lack of belief in one God.
E) a state of complete spiritual perfection.
70) A person who practices Hinduism would say that nirvana can only be achieved by
A) persisting in a quest for material goods.
B) practicing physical self-denial.
C) material reincarnation.
D) accumulating wealth.
E) achieving spiritual oneness.
71) Which statement is true about Hinduism?
A) Hinduism supported India’s caste system.
B) Hinduism allows mobility between castes within an individual’s lifetime.
C) Max Weber argued that Hinduism encourages entrepreneurial activity.
D) Hindus do not believe in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.
E) Hinduism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince.
72) Max Weber argued that the ascetic principles embedded in ________ do not encourage
entrepreneurial activity in pursuit of wealth creation because it is perceived that such activities
make the attainment of nirvana more difficult.
A) Islam
B) Hinduism
C) Confucianism
D) Protestantism
E) capitalism
73) Hindus see mobility between castes as something that can only be achieved through
A) appropriate schooling and occupation.
B) individual economic achievements over the course of one’s lifetime.
C) spiritual progression and reincarnation.
D) hard work that results in gradual upward mobility over generations.
E) offering prayer five times a day, and by refraining from the payment or receipt of interest.
74) Aamir Baku recently quit her job in a bank because her religion considers the payment or
receipt of interest as exploitative and unjust. According to this information, Ms. Baku is a follower
of
A) Protestantism.
B) Hinduism.
C) Judaism.
D) Confucianism.
E) Islam.
75) When Leo converses with his colleagues in the multinational company that he works for, he
finds that he is the only one who believes in and talks about things such as reincarnation and the
spiritual progression of each person’s soul. Leo’s religion is most likely
A) Protestantism.
B) Hinduism.
C) Judaism.
D) Confucianism.
E) Islam.
76) Confucianism is based on the idea that personal salvation can be achieved through
A) nirvana.
B) physical denial.
C) spiritual progression.
D) right action.
E) wealth accumulation.
77) Which religion was founded in India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, an
Indian prince who renounced his wealth to pursue an ascetic lifestyle and spiritual perfection?
A) Hinduism
B) Buddhism
C) Confucianism
D) Islam
E) Judaism
78) What is the common aspect of the teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism?
A) Both stress the afterlife and spiritual achievement rather than material progress.
B) Both support the existence of a caste system.
C) Both advocate the same kind of extreme ascetic behavior.
D) Both propagate the Noble Eightfold Path as a route for transformation.
E) Both condemn the payment or the receipt of interest on loans and deposits.
79) Which statement is true of Buddhism?
A) Buddhism was founded in the fifth century B.C. by K’ung-Fu-tzu, in China.
B) Cultural stress on entrepreneurial behavior is not present.
C) Buddhism advocates the kind of extreme ascetic behavior that is encouraged by Hinduism.
D) Like Hinduism, Buddhism also supports the caste system.
E) Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism does not stress afterlife and spiritual achievement.
80) Conrad follows a religion that does not propagate the caste system. Also, his religion
emphasizes right seeing, thinking, speech, action, living, effort, mindfulness, and meditation as a
route for spiritual transformation. According to this information, Conrad can be considered a
A) Hindu.
B) Buddhist.
C) Confucian.
D) Sikh.
E) Muslim.
81) For more than 2,000 years until the 1949 communist revolution, what was the official ethical
system of China?
A) Maoism
B) Feng Shui
C) Confucianism
D) Shintoism
E) Buddhism
82) According to Confucian thought, being loyal to one’s superiors is considered
A) an optional practice.
B) a sign of ethnocentrism and stereotyping.
C) a negative response.
D) an absolute obligation.
E) less important than loyalty to family.
83) In a Confucian culture, it would be common for a superior to reward the loyalty of a
subordinate by bestowing blessings on him or her. These blessings are examples of
A) saving face.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) stereotyping.
D) reciprocal obligations.
E) legal constructs.
84) Which statement is true of Confucianism?
A) Confucianism is a religion principally followed in India, Korea, and Japan.
B) Confucianism preaches about the supernatural, the concept of a supreme being, and an afterlife.
C) Confucian ethics raise the costs of doing business in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.
D) Conflict between management and labor tends to be high in the countries that follow
Confucianism.
E) Three values central to Confucianism are loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty in dealing
with others.
85) China Innovation Inc. is a devout follower of Confucian ethics. Hence, it hires people who live
by similar principles. Which is most likely to be a characteristic of this company?
A) The conflict between management and labor will be high.
B) The company’s management will expect blind loyalty from the workers.
C) It will often indulge in violations of business agreements.
D) The cost of doing business will be low for those companies that enter into a business with it.
E) It will not have any relationship networks supported by reciprocal obligations.
86) Sun-Jun is a representative for a Chinese company that is based in Confucian culture. When
Sun-Jun mentions to his staff that guanxi should be taken into consideration, what is he referring
to?
A) the ability to produce the best product at the lowest cost
B) relationships or connections the business has
C) government tariffs that could affect business
D) building a company from the ground up
E) working with foreign nationals who have opposing views
87) What Confucian ethic is central to the Chinese concept of guanxi?
A) holding all material possessions in trust for God
B) renunciation of the material world
C) devoting life to a spiritual quest
D) reciprocal obligations
E) individual progress