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48) Which of the following refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into
which they are born?
A) caste stratification
B) class system
C) social mobility
D) individual potential
49) Hindus believe
A) that there is but the one true omnipotent God.
B) in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.
C) in the importance of individual religious freedom.
D) that a material quest is more important than a spiritual quest.
50) Which of the following is a closed system of stratification in which social position is
determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not
possible during an individual's lifetime?
A) caste system
B) class system
C) social system
D) cultural system
51) A ________ is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible.
A) caste system
B) normative system
C) religious system
D) class system
52) Which of the following statements is true about a class system?
A) A class system is a more rigid form of social stratification, compared to a caste system.
B) A class system is a closed form of stratification.
C) Social mobility within a class system varies from society to society.
D) In a class system, social position is determined at birth and cannot be changed during an
individual's lifetime.
53) According to ________, suffering originates in people's desires for pleasure.
A) Hinduism
B) Protestantism
C) Buddhism
D) Judaism
54) A caste system differs from a class system because
A) a caste system is an open system of stratification, while a class system is a closed system of
stratification.
B) it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a class system allows people
to change their class through individual achievement.
C) the social mobility in caste systems varies from society to society, while in a class system there
is no social mobility.
D) a caste system is a less rigid form of social stratification, while a class system is a
comparatively more rigid form of social stratification.
55) Ethical systems are
A) a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior.
B) shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.
C) routine conventions of everyday life.
D) social rules that govern people's actions toward each other.
56) Religion may be defined as
A) routine conventions of everyday life.
B) social rules that govern people's actions toward each other.
C) shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.
D) a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior.
57) Hinduism and Buddhism both stress the importance of
A) the caste system.
B) the afterlife.
C) Confucian ethics.
D) life on earth.
58) Max Weber theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism and the emergence
of modern capitalism because
A) Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugality.
B) Protestantism promotes the hierarchical domination of religious and social life.
C) Protestantism states that spiritual growth is more important than material wealth.
D) Protestantism promotes blind loyalty to employers.
59) The concept of mobility between castes within an individual's lifetime
A) is an opportunity to adopt positions of responsibility and influence in society.
B) makes no sense to traditional Hindus.
C) shows a figurative "reincarnation" of a person.
D) is a sign of spiritual progression to traditional Hindus.
60) Max Weber was a German sociologist who, in 1904, made the connection between ________
and "the spirit of capitalism."
A) Protestant ethics
B) ethnocentrism
C) cross-cultural literacy
D) collectivism
61) Which of the following statements about the use of spoken language is true?
A) The nature of a language has no effect on the way we perceive the world.
B) The language of a society does not direct the attention of its members to certain features of the
world rather than others.
C) Countries with more than one language often only have one culture.
D) Most people prefer to converse in their own language rather than English.
62) A condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background and
this shapes their relationships with members of other classes is known as
A) class stratification.
B) social mobility.
C) class mobility.
D) class consciousness.
63) An upper-middle-class manager tends to have hostile relationships with the working-class
employees in the firm because of his tendency to perceive himself as superior to them based on his
class background. In this example, the manager exhibits
A) class consciousness.
B) cultural awareness.
C) social mobility.
D) group orientation.
64) There are three values central to the Confucian system of ethics that have very important
economic implications. Which of the following is one of these values?
A) filial piety
B) rule-based law
C) humaneness
D) honesty in dealings with others
65) Which of the following sociologists made a connection between Protestant ethics and "the
spirit of capitalism"?
A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Amartya Sen
D) Adam Smith
66) According to Islam, those who hold property are regarded as
A) trustees.
B) owners.
C) tenants.
D) speculators.
67) The emphasis on individualism in the United States results in which of the following
advantages?
A) Managers tend to develop good general skills as well as company-specific experience.
B) Teams are built within an organization to perform collective tasks.
C) Executives are exposed to different ways of doing business.
D) It is easy to achieve cooperation—both within a company and between companies.
