The Art of Leadership, 6e (Manning)
Chapter 6 Leadership Ethics
1) Which of the following statements is true about ethics?
A) It is the study of religion and politics.
B) It is the study of young children and mature adults.
C) It is the study of cause and effect.
D) It is the study of moral judgments and right and wrong conduct.
E) None of these
2) The word “ethics” is derived from the ________ word ethos, referring to a person’s fundamental
orientation toward life.
A) Hebrew
B) Roman
C) Greek
D) English
E) French
3) According to Rushworth Kidder, which of the following best describes ends-based thinking?
A) Following the highest principle or duty
B) Doing what is best for the greatest number of people
C) Doing what people would want others to do for them
D) Following the path to moral courage
4) Which of the following was viewed by Aristotle (384–322 BC) as the central and most
significant trait distinguishing humankind from other creatures?
A) Emotionality
B) Spontaneity
C) Integrity
D) Rationality
5) Which of the following statements is true about secular ethics?
A) It suggests that reality, truth, and goodness depend on the existence of a god.
B) It is based on a scientific understanding of the world.
C) It rejects the importance of the Golden Rule.
D) It discourages preservation of life.
6) The older community passes on ethics to young people through ________.
A) modeling and socialization
B) command and control
C) self-study and leadership
D) rules and regulations
E) preaching and teaching
7) According to psychologist Jean Piaget, which of the following is the unifying factor in adult
societies?
A) Civics
B) Religion
C) Politics
D) Heteronomy
E) None of these
8) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following is most
likely a characteristic of Level I, stage 1?
A) Acceptance of punishment
B) Approval of others
C) Deference to power
D) Attention to individual needs
9) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify the primary motive that
operates at Level I, stage 2.
A) Avoidance of punishment
B) Compliance with authority
C) Individual needs
D) Social order
10) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify the major determinant of
behavior at Level II, stage 3.
A) Approval of others
B) Compliance with authority
C) Deference to power
D) Avoidance of punishment
11) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following
statements is most likely true about Level II, stage 4?
A) Right conduct is doing one’s duty, as defined by those in authority positions.
B) The good person is viewed as the one who satisfies family, friends, and associates.
C) Personal pleasure dictates the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
D) Avoidance of punishment is the primary characteristic of this stage.
12) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify a true statement about
Level III, stage 5.
A) Social ethics are based on rational analysis, community discussion, and mutual consent.
B) Physical consequences determine moral behavior.
C) Compliance with authority and upholding social order are primary ethical concerns at this
stage.
D) Personal pleasure dictates the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
13) In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following
statements is true about Level III, stage 6?
A) The approval of others is the major determinant of behavior at this stage.
B) This stage represents the “official” morality of the U.S. Constitution.
C) When there is conflict between individual and group interests, the majority rules.
D) Morality is seen as superseding the majority view or the prescriptions of authority.
14) Ethics has both ________ and ________ roots.
A) scientific; poetic
B) religious; secular
C) statutory; common
D) male; female
15) Social psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg explains that each person makes ethical decisions
according to three distinct levels of moral ________.
A) maturity
B) aptitude
C) fiber
D) development
16) Which of the following is seen in the life and teaching of Gandhi?
A) Level I, stage 1 morality
B) Level II, stage 4 morality
C) Level III, stage 6 morality
D) None of these
17) The English philosopher John Locke viewed a newborn child as a “tabula rasa”, or a(n)
________.
A) blank tablet
B) bundle of joy
C) finished product
D) empty vessel
18) ________ once said, “Nonviolence is the first article of my faith.”
A) Malcolm X
B) Muhammad Ali
C) Saddam Hussein
D) Mohandas Gandhi
19) Which of the following three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed
Bertrand Russell’s life?
A) The longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of
mankind
B) The need for life, the need for love, and the need for power
C) The understanding of self, the support for family, and service to society
D) The knowledge of our past, an awareness of the moment, and creation of the future
20) The three most important influences on character formation are
A) government, schools, and churches.
B) business, industry, and government.
C) parents, media, and music.
D) experience, age, and education.
E) associations (family and friends), books (and other media), and self-concept.
21) Originally, the Greek word ethos meant ________.
A) physical beauty
B) social justice
C) a dwelling place
D) religious faith
22) In the context of leadership ethics, identify a true statement according to Ronald Heifetz.
A) Leadership involves the maintenance of high standards of ethical conduct through mutual
consent.
B) The approach to leadership is primarily based on the assumption that true leadership is service
to others.
C) The theory of transactional leadership emphasizes the moral development of followers.
D) Leadership involves the use of authority to help followers uphold important values in the
workplace.
23) Identify the necessary ingredients of virtuous, level III, stage 6 moral leadership.
A) Motives, means, and consequences
B) Facts, figures, and results
C) Knowledge, values, and actions
D) None of these
24) Stanley Milgram’s social research showed that
A) Hitler could only happen in Germany.
B) women are innately kind.
C) electric voltage needs to be regulated in laboratory experiments.
D) ordinary people can be induced to perform inhumane acts.
25) In 1884, Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; this story emphasized Level
________, stage ________ of moral development.
A) I; 2
B) II; 4
C) III; 6
D) I; 1
E) II; 3
26) According to The Boy Scout Laws, a scout is all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) brave
B) kind
C) loyal
D) practical
E) trustworthy
27) The Girl Scout Law includes all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) respect
B) courage
C) honesty
D) cheerfulness
E) helpfulness
28) Moral dilemmas often involve choosing between two “rights” or “goods.” Rushworth Kidder
identifies three mind-sets for addressing moral dilemmas, which are
A) good, evil, and indifferent mind-sets.
B) logical, emotional, and action-oriented mind-sets.
C) individual, group, and society mind-sets.
D) past thinking, present thinking, and future thinking.
E) ends-based thinking, rule-based thinking, and care-based thinking.
29) Recent replication of the Milgram experiments show that approximately ________ percent of
both men and women will follow morally offensive orders of complete strangers who they believe
occupy a position of authority.
A) 75
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
30) Social learning theory supports the importance of the ________ of leaders in moral dilemmas.
A) philosophy
B) education
C) behavior
D) thinking
31) Author and educator John Gardner states that leaders should not be judged solely in terms of
decisiveness and efficiency but, more importantly, on the basis of values and moral reasoning.
32) According to Rushworth Kidder, care-based thinking is best described as doing what is best for
the greatest number of people.
33) Religious ethics is based on a theistic understanding of the world.
34) According to The Boy Scout Laws, a Scout works to pay his way and to help others and saves
for unforeseen needs.
35) According to the levels and stages of moral development, the egocentric orientation of stages 1
and 2 is characteristic of teenagers and young adults.
36) Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience found that a society that valued independent
thinking and free will showed more defiance than a conservative society.
37) According to Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience, ordinary people could be induced
to perform inhumane acts simply by the presence of an authority figure.
38) St. Augustine (354–430) believed that if people allow themselves through faith to be drawn to
God, they will overcome their basic immoral nature and eventually be reconciled in the city of God
in heaven.
39) Thomas Aquinas (1224–1274) integrated the philosophy of Aristotle with Christian theology
and taught that all people are endowed with a natural desire to be good.
40) Ethical problems common to the workplace are issues of quality, safety, property, and human
relationships.
Match the items below with their descriptions:
A) influences on character formation
B) the basis of ethics
C) levels of moral development
41) associations, books, and self-concept
42) preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
43) moral judgments and right and wrong conduct