CHAPTER 22
America and the Great War, 1914–1920
TRUE/FALSE
1. On both sides of the Great War, many soldiers experienced “shell shock,” now known as
post–traumatic stress disorder, due to the experience of trench warfare.
2. Many immigrant groups in the United States supported the Central Powers in the European war.
3. President Wilson saw no contradiction between declaring neutrality in the war and supplying
both sides with weapons and war materiel.
4. The so-called Arabic Pledge involved Wilson’s stand to stop North Africa’s fall into chaos
during the war.
5. Despite repeatedly promising to stop, Germany continued to use submarines to sink merchant
and passenger vessels, spurring the United States to strengthen its army and navy in case the
nation was to be forced into war.
6. During the presidential election of 1916, Republicans used the slogan “He kept us out of war” to discredit Wilson.
7. The Germans intercepted the Zimmermann telegram, which the White House had sent to
the Mexican government.
8. Women in “war work” were usually able to keep their jobs after the war.
9. Many African American men joined the military but were forced to serve in segregated units
under white officers.
10. During the Great War, northern businesses sent recruiters into the rural south to encourage
black families to move north for work in industry.
11. During the Great War, some American symphonies refused to perform Bach and Beethoven
due to the common assumption of disloyalty associated with anything German.
12. Vladimir Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution in Russia triggered the beginning of Russia’s exit from
First World War.
13. Woodrow Wilson was careful to build Republican, as well as Democratic, support for his
peace plan.
14. Henry Cabot Lodge led the Senate Republicans who demanded amendments to the Treaty of Versailles.
15. Despite being the nation responsible for its creation, the United States never joined the League
of Nations.
16. Immediately following the war the nation was hit by a terrible flu pandemic that killed even more people than the
war, and did so in a single year.
17. Despite African Americans’ hopes that they might gain full equality after the Great War,
they experienced continued discrimination.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. During the early twentieth century, what happened to the nation’s century–long isolation from European conflicts?
a.
It persisted, for Wilson saw all other countries involved in the Great War as fully capable of
creating their own standards and was fundamentally against the idea of American interference.
b.
It ended, in part because the interests of the United States became more bound up with the
expanding world economy, and new war technology threatened national security.
c.
It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because the United States had been founded
on the idea that it had obligations to protect all smaller nations.
d.
It continued because changing demographics meant that the United States could not afford for
many men to join the military, and women were banned from taking any jobs.
e.
It ceased because the United States had long supported the Ottoman Empire rather than offering
relief or resources to European countries such as Great Britain.
2. For all of his accomplishments and abilities, Woodrow Wilson had
a.
no political experience before he was elected president.
b.
no formal education apart from what he read on his own in library books.
c.
extensive experience and expertise in world affairs before entering the presidency.
d.
little experience in international relations before he was elected president.
e.
very little influence on the domestic economy while president.
3. Which of the following statements best describes the diplomatic stance of Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings
Bryan, his secretary of state?
a.
America must be the first nation to declare war to have the most say in shaping the war.
b.
America must refuse to interfere in the affairs of other nations in all cases.
c.
America has a duty to spread democracy and Christianity throughout the world.
d.
America should prove its military might wherever and whenever possible.
e.
America must always put internationality above nationality.
4. Which of the following is among the reasons the Great War was especially challenging?
a.
The war would cause more destruction and involve more nations than any previous conflict.
b.
The war coincided with a highly public and controversial divorce from Wilson’s wife Ellen.
c.
Wilson had plotted to topple several European monarchs, but all remained in power after the war.
d.
Actions taken by the United States had been the primary cause of the start of the war.
e.
Great Britain had been a latecomer to industrialization but was the main American ally.
5. Which of the following led to the Great War?
a.
the refusal of German leaders to become militaristic and honor their alliances when conflict in
western Europe first erupted
b.
the sudden dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the rise of a Serbian Empire that soon
took its place
c.
Germany’s continued reliance on the United States and Britain for all steel production and related
products
d.
Wilson’s eagerness to enter the war immediately to take advantage of the many nations who had
decided to give up their colonial empires
e.
rivalries in Europe driven by hypernationalism, racist beliefs, imperial competition over foreign
colonies, and a desire for military supremacy
6. The nation known as the “powder keg of Europe” because of its internal tensions and ethnic
diversity was
a.
Croatia.
d.
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
b.
Bulgaria.
e.
Switzerland.
c.
Germany.
7. The event that triggered the Great War in Europe was
a.
Germany’s invasion of Belgium.
b.
Russia’s decision to ally with France and Britain.
c.
Germany’s determination to build a navy as large as Britain’s.
d.
the fallout from the Bolshevik Revolution.
e.
a Serb’s assassination of the Austrian Archduke.
8. Which of the following describes the experience of most soldiers fighting in France during the
Great War?
a.
They had to be very mobile because the battlefront changed radically from week to week,
transitioning back and forth between the Western Front and Eastern Front.
b.
They fought a war of attrition often in miserable conditions, suffering massive artillery attacks and
then facing enemy fire to seize well-protected trenches.
c.
They fought small-scale battles that afforded them chances to display individual bravery and
courage and used weapons that had been available for centuries in new ways.
d.
They fought much as their great-grandfathers had during the nineteenth century: in tightly packed
formations, shooting volleys into the ranks of the enemy.
e.
They fought a guerilla war because after Germany invaded and captured Paris, French resistance
fighters formed partisan bands that harassed their occupiers.
9. What gave the Great War its lasting character?
a.
trench warfare and powerful new weapons
b.
the need for only partial mobilization
c.
fascism in Germany and Italy
d.
the reliance on airplanes above all else
e.
the long stalemate that led to so few deaths
10. Which of the following occurred when news of the European war first reached the United States?
a.
President Wilson immediately called on Congress to build up American military strength and begin
the conscription of young male soldiers.
b.
Most old-line Americans were sympathetic to the Central Powers, so Wilson worried he would not
have enough support to declare war and join the Allies.
c.
Irish Americans became the group that most leaned toward supporting the Allies, and for this
reason, Wilson felt confident in joining the Allies’ side.
d.
Wilson publicly promoted neutrality while privately ensuring that the United States would help
provide supplies to the Allies.
e.
John J. Pershing was already on his way with tens of thousands of troops, as Wilson had already
signed a pact with Great Britain and France.
11. Which of the following is an example of how the United States helped the Allied powers
prior to joining the war?
a.
American spies frequently provided the Allies with intelligence about enemy operations, becoming
the first to know of the declaration of war.
b.
Congress loosened immigration laws to allow a massive number of war refugees into the country
who were crucial for the domestic war effort.
c.
American ships provided naval escorts for British merchant vessels, as Britain and most other
participating powers did not yet have their own official navies.
d.
American banks and businesses refused to do business with the Central Powers, as Wilson was
adamant about declining to pursue economic benefits from the war.
e.
American banks and the U.S. government offered loans and credits to the Allies that allowed the
Allies to pay for purchases later but made it harder for Americans to remain neutral.
12. What was the significance of the ship Lusitania?
a.
It was a German ship that was sunk by the British early in the war, signaling the turning tide of the
war and convincing Americans they could count on the Allies winning.
b.
It was one of the most formidable battleships in the British navy that sunk during one of the earliest
and largest battles during the war, causing the United States to delay entering the war.
c.
It was a British passenger ship secretly carrying ammunition, and its sinking by German U-boats
caused many civilian deaths, including those of Americans, and sparked an outcry in the United
States.
d.
It was the only passenger ship attacked during the war, resulting in Germany honoring the wartime
custom of stopping an enemy vessel and allowing passengers to escape before sinking it.
e.
Its sinking was a victory for the United States and caused Wilson to slow efforts to strengthen the
army and the navy so that he could attend to other pressing economic issues for the time being.
13. What was President Wilson’s immediate response to the sinking of the Lusitania?
a.
to follow Theodore Roosevelt’s advice and declare war on Germany right away
b.
to abandon any hopes of peace talks with Germany and refuse to send diplomats
c.
to promote Williams Jennings Bryan in his cabinet and give him greater control of the war effort
d.
to take a pro-British stance and dismiss German claims that the ship carried rifles and ammunition
e.
to request that Congress vote on whether to formally enter the Great War then and there
14. Which of the following was true of the Revenue Act of 1916?
a.
It was primarily to raise money to pay for war preparations.
b.
It hit farmers and low-income Americans the hardest.
c.
It was never passed due to a veto by President Wilson.
d.
It was designed to make Republicans support the war.
e.
It amounted to the progressives’ biggest failure in the Wilson period.
15. Early in the war, Germany believed that the United States
a.
lacked instruments of modern warfare.
b.
could defeat them militarily.
c.
would never enter the war due to the lack of provocation.
d.
would negotiate a fair and peaceful end to the war.
e.
planned to align with the Central Powers rather than with France and Britain.
16. What was the “last straw” that provoked the United States to declare war on Germany?
a.
Germany’s attack on the Maine in 1914
b.
Germany’s invasion of France in 1914
c.
Germany’s sinking of the Lusitania in 1915
d.
the discovery of the Zimmermann telegram in 1917
e.
Germany’s sinking of five American ships in the North Atlantic in 1917
17. What is the significance of the interception of the Zimmermann telegram?
a.
It showed that Germany had no interest in collaborating with Mexico and thereby strengthened the
trust between the United States and Mexico.
b.
It announced Germany’s decision to wage unrestricted submarine warfare and caused angered
Americans to call for war.
c.
It announced the addition of three countries to the Central Powers, leading the United States to stall
entering the war.
d.
It caused the United States to break diplomatic relations with Germany and begin sending supplies
to the Allies.
e.
It tipped off J. Edgar Hoover that Germans had infiltrated the FBI and caused the government to
clamp down on background checks.
18. How did Wilson justify the war to Congress during one of his famous speeches?
a.
He described it as a war to save capitalism.
b.
He described it as a war to make the world safe for democracy.
c.
He described it as a war against Nazism and fascism.
d.
He described it as a war to expand the American empire.
e.
He described it as necessary despite Congress’s lack of enthusiasm.
19. Which of the following is true of the congressional resolution for war?
a.
It came quickly in response to the sinking of the Lusitania.
b.
It was unanimous.
c.
It was divided strictly along party lines.
d.
It passed overwhelmingly.
e.
It eliminated Wilson’s doubts regarding entering the war.
20. Which of the following statements accurately describes recruitment to the American army as the United States
entered the war?
a.
It was difficult to find men willing to enlist, which led to the vast majority of initial recruits having
joined via the draft.
b.
Support for the war was so widespread that the United States would not sign up men for a draft
until the last year of the war.
c.
Many men initially rushed to enlist before being drafted, including a significant percentage of
immigrants.
d.
Because the overwhelming majority of Americans supported the Central Powers rather than the
Allies, few joined the American army willingly.
e.
It was far more difficult to find men willing to enlist in the American army at the beginning of the
war than toward the end.
21. What was the purpose behind the Food Administration?
a.
It was meant to be one of many blows to federal authority, giving far more power to the states.
b.
Its goal was to increase agricultural production while reducing civilian food consumption.
c.
It was a prime example of laissez-faire, an economic concept that took off during the war.
d.
Its main goal was to bolster Harry Truman’s presidential prospects.
e.
It encouraged Americans to eat as much food as possible in order to support farmers.
22. The MOST important of all the federal mobilization agencies was the ________ because it
had the unprecedented authority to ration raw materials, construct factories, and set prices.
a.
Fuel Administration
d.
War Industries Board
b.
Emergency Fleet Corporation
e.
Committee on Public Information
c.
U.S. Shipping Board
23. What effect did the Great War have on the lives of American women?
a.
Due to the limited number of male volunteers, many women were encouraged to join the armed
forces, with significant numbers of them becoming accomplished pilots.
b.
Because the United States was so populated that wartime never brought labor shortages, women
remained confined to traditional roles within the domestic sphere.
c.
Throughout the war, women were only permitted to support the war effort in traditional ways, such
as volunteering for the Red Cross, running fund-raising drives, and working as nurses.
d.
The war shook up American society to such a degree that most women who attained nontraditional
wartime roles kept them for the rest of their careers and helped train a new generation of workers.
e.
Due to the large number of men in the armed forces, women were encouraged, as the scope of the
war widened until the end of the war, to take jobs that had been held primarily by men.
24. What was the Great Migration?
a.
the movement of women to cities around the country to take the jobs vacated by men off to war
b.
the immigration of much of the American Expeditionary Force to Europe after the war
c.
the transition of Mexican Americans from farm labor to industrial jobs in southwestern cities
d.
the movement of southern African Americans to the North and West during the war
e.
the massive influx of immigrants to the United States early in the war
25. What was the relationship between the Great War and the Great Migration?
a.
Due to the increased opportunities for African Americans during wartime, race riots and other
violent altercations ceased as civilians focused on the war effort.
b.
Because a large number of immigrants were entering the United States, many as refugees, the war
effort tripled in size and American industry was forever transformed.
c.
Due to mobilization for the war, employment efforts led by northern businesses were directed at
African Americans as well as whites for the first time, causing many to move north.
d.
Because Mexican Americans were forbidden from enlisting in the military, many of them pursued
jobs in urban areas
e.
Because many American soldiers continued to find excitement and have positive experiences
fighting in Europe, a large number decided to remain there after the war ended.
26. How was J. Luz Sáenz’s experience representative of many Mexican Americans and
members of other minorities during the Great War period?
a.
He was a leader of the war effort at home, energetically heading the War Labor Policies Board.
b.
He experienced discrimination following the war, even as a war veteran.
c.
He served as a spy, becoming the first conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917.
d.
He found the United States so hostile that he, along with most of his population, left the country.
e.
He had many military leadership opportunities, heading the Fifth Army in the Mediterranean.
27. What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information?
a.
to combat the growing presence of communism in the United States following the end of the Great
War and to make it less likely to emerge in other countries
b.
to form a prewar public information network, which was discontinued after the United States
entered the war due to funding problems
c.
to provide a nonpartisan and independent source for Americans to find information about the causes
of the war and the nations involved in the fight
d.
to pursue propaganda and shape public perceptions about the war to generate support for the
American war effort
e.
to organize dissent against American involvement in the war by highlighting the atrocities
committed by both sides before 1917
28. Which of the following was true under the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918?
a.
They were merely scare tactics, as no one was actually convicted.
b.
Speaking and writing against Germany and Italy became a crime.
c.
Criticism of American government leaders or war policies became a crime.
d.
Censorship was aimed more at middle America than at socialists or other radicals.
e.
Few politicians criticized the legislation, as it received unanimous support.
29. For violating the Espionage Act, Socialist leader Eugene Debs
a.
received a ten-year prison term.
b.
was acquitted.
c.
was banned from future presidential campaigns.
d.
renounced socialism.
e.
was deported.
30. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Immigration Act of 1917?
a.
It made it much easier for immigrants to enter the United States because the government was
desperate for men to join the American war effort.
b.
It repealed and sought to make amends for the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act by allowing for
unprecedented numbers of Chinese immigrants.
c.
It was the first widely restrictive immigration law and included requirements for a literacy test and
an increased “head tax” upon arriving to the United States.
d.
It made it far more difficult for individuals from the Philippines to immigrate to the United States
because the Philippines was no longer a U.S. colony.
e.
Its greatest opposition came from labor unions who were desperate for the arrival of more workers,
and its greatest support came from Wilson.
31. Which of the following was true of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
a.
They reflected his belief that the world could be improved and were intended to shape the peace
treaty and make the Great War the last world war.
b.
They were a list of strict conditions the United States had to meet before he would agree to end the
war and withdraw troops.
c.
They made up an argument he delivered before the Senate that closely involved the input of several
other senators and world leaders.
d.
They were part of a plan for mobilizing Americans upon entering the war, which included rules for
rationing and production levels.
e.
They were a set of demands delivered to Germany after the Zimmermann telegram was discovered
that the Kaiser ignored.
32. Which of the following was recommended to Wilson as a Fifteenth Point but went ignored?
a.
“freedom of the seas”
d.
an end to racial discrimination
b.
national self-determination
e.
military disarmament
c.
the creation of a “league” of nations
33. What was a result of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia?
a.
The country established its first democratic government, overthrowing Communist leaders.
b.
The country renewed its war effort against Germany more seriously.
c.
The country concluded a separate peace with Germany known as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
d.
The United States loaned Russia millions of dollars to aid the provisional government.
e.
The United States put thousands of Russian Communist labor activists in jail in 1918.
34. At what point did Russian participation in the Great War end?
a.
when Russia was defeated on the battlefield at the hands of the Germans because Russian
industrialization was unable to keep up with German industrialization
b.
after Vladimir Lenin had taken power in Russia and was willing to accept harsh terms ending
Russian participation in order to concentrate on the ongoing civil war there
c.
when Russia threatened to withdraw from the League of Nations because the stipulations of the
league would have hurt its economy
d.
during the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles because Vladimir Lenin was affronted when the
Allies only offered him negative terms and refused to accept them
e.
when Joseph Stalin withdrew all Russian forces from Germany, anticipating that the Allies would
soon win the war without Russian intervention
35. Who was Alvin York?
a.
the head of the Committee of Public Information under the Wilson administration
b.
a Bolshevik spy within the American army; he was executed for espionage in 1918
c.
the first commander of the American Expeditionary Force
d.
the only congressman from Tennessee to vote against declaring war on Germany
e.
an American soldier from Tennessee who earned the Congressional Medal of Honor
36. What was the turning point for the Allies during the Great War?
a.
“going over the top” at the Somme
b.
a massive Allied offensive in September 1918 toward Sedan, France
c.
a battle with the help of the Russians at Fort Vaux
d.
the Battles of Verdun during which whole forests were destroyed
e.
a long assault against the Germans in Belgium
37. On November 9, 1918, a German republic was proclaimed after
a.
the Battle of Verdun.
d.
the German Kaiser resigned.
b.
Germany surrendered to U.S. forces.
e.
a great victory at Belleau Wood.
c.
Adolf Hitler took power.
38. Which of the following occurred during the midterm elections of 1918?
a.
Democrats lost control of both houses of Congress, in part due to Wilson’s offending Republicans
who had mostly backed his war policies.
b.
Laborers, eastern businessmen, and western farmers expressed support for Democratic policies,
especially due to the policies Wilson made to benefit the wheat crop.
c.
Republican victories in the South were offset by heavy losses in the Northeast, and most continued
to support Wilson due to the long road ahead in the war.
d.
Wilson asked voters to elect progressive candidates of either party, but the Democrats still took the
most seats in Congress.
e.
Wilson angered Democrats by appointing Taft to the Peace Commission, thereby causing many in
his own party to reject his policies.
39. To what did Wilson refer when he spoke of “the heart of the League”?
a.
the League of Nations army, which would enforce peace internationally and avoid the need for
individual nations’ own armies
b.
the Permanent Court of Justice, which would rule on international disputes and was designed by
Theodore Roosevelt
c.
Article X, which would pledge members to consult on military and economic sanctions against
aggressors
d.
the Assembly, which would allow each League member an equal voice including the Germans and
Russians
e.
the idea of using war to settle major disputes now that technology had advanced enough to make it
less deadly
40. In negotiating with the Big Four over many postwar territorial issues, President Wilson did
which of the following?
a.
He remained unbending to the pressure of his European colleagues and true to his core values.
b.
He visited Europe for the talks only briefly, as he was concerned about domestic issues.
c.
He continued to demand that democratic states be established in all cases.
d.
He had to largely abandon his lofty principle of national self-determination.
e.
He only compromised when it benefited America.
41. Which of the following was part of the Versailles negotiations and contributed to the rise of
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party?
a.
England’s attempt to arrest a young politician named Adolf Hitler due to his role in the war
b.
favorable terms for Germany that would inadvertently cause it to become the most powerful nation
c.
the call for Germans to pay for reparations only for civilian damages but leave the rest to the Allies
d.
France’s attempt to kidnap the German Kaiser who refused to resign at all costs
e.
the “war guilt” clause that forced Germans to accept responsibility for the war and its full expense
42. What was the primary objection that American senators had to the Treaty of Versailles?
a.
It included a clause that blamed Germany for the Great War.
b.
It created new nations such as Poland and Yugoslavia.
c.
It required Germany to pay war reparations.
d.
It transferred vast territories to France on Germany’s west and to Poland on its east and north.
e.
It committed the United States to the League of Nations.
43. Which of the following was a result of Wilson’s campaign to win public support for the Treaty
of Versailles?
a.
His health failed, leading him to be bedridden for months, which inspired sympathy for his position
and the official passage of the treaty.
b.
He won enough support to reach a compromise over a slightly revised treaty known as the Fourteen
Points.
c.
He faced the least opposition from Henry Cabot Lodge, who refused to make any changes to the
treaty.
d.
He successfully pressured senators to pass the treaty without revisions and built a much closer
relationship between the United States and Germany.
e.
His failing health after a stroke, his refusal to compromise, and his alienation of Republican
senators ultimately caused the treaty to fail to pass.
44. What was the virulent menace that Americans faced in the postwar period that caused more
casualties than the war itself?
a.
ongoing guerrilla warfare throughout Europe
b.
a series of labor riots
c.
the Spanish flu pandemic
d.
the atomic bomb
e.
the cholera outbreak
45. What did the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution accomplish?
a.
It provided for the direct election of senators.
b.
It reinstated Prohibition.
c.
It gave the president expanded war powers.
d.
It guaranteed women the right to vote.
e.
It gave Congress the power to create an income tax.
46. Harry T. Burn is best associated with
a.
the Boston police strike of 1919.
b.
the Homestead strike of 1892.
c.
racial rioting during the Great War.
d.
the deciding vote needed for the Nineteenth Amendment.
e.
the Haymarket affair.
47. Which of the following was true of the 1919 police strike in Boston?
a.
It began when several officers protested their long hours and small pay by calling in sick.
b.
It was settled when both sides agreed to submit to an arbitration panel.
c.
Its aftermath inadvertently made Calvin Coolidge a national hero.
d.
It launched the political career of J. Edgar Hoover.
e.
It was a result of major decreases in consumer prices.
48. A race riot in which thirty-eight people were killed and over 500 injured took place in July 1919 in
a.
Albany, New York.
d.
Detroit, Michigan.
b.
Birmingham, Alabama.
e.
Chicago, Illinois.
c.
Cleveland, Ohio.
49. Which of the following contributed to the Red Scare of 1919–1920?
a.
the failure of the Justice Department to establish any sort of General Intelligence Division to collect
information on radicals in the United States and to promote public safety
b.
the tremendous growth and pro–First World War sentiment of the Socialist party in the United
States throughout the duration of the war
c.
the violent actions of militants in the United States and the belief that the Bolshevik Revolution in
Russia had spread to the United States, causing the wave of labor strikes and race riots
d.
the dissolving of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the rise of a provisional
government in its place that sought to entirely undo communism
e.
the support that the United States had given to the Central Powers throughout the war, which
included Russia and its allies
50. Which of the following was an effect of the Great War?
a.
the introduction of Europe’s self–image as the center of civilized Western culture
b.
the rise of the United States as the world’s dominant power
c.
the decline of Soviet communism as a force impacting other countries
d.
the decades-long delay of American consumerism and economic prosperity
e.
a tight alliance between the United States, Austria, and Germany
ESSAY
1. Why did America enter the Great War when it did? Why did it not enter before?
2. Describe Wilson’s Fourteen Points, discussing not only the details but the overall philosophy
behind them as well.
3. Describe mobilization on the American home front. What changes took place socially,
economically, militarily, and politically?
4. Why did the reservationists and the irreconcilables oppose the Treaty of Versailles?
How effective was their opposition?
5. How and why were civil liberties curtailed during the Great War? What was the effect of
these curtailments?
6. In what way did the Great War bring about what came to be called the “American Century”?
7. Trace America’s attempt at neutrality prior to its entry into the Great War. Why did Wilson
not see a paradox between declaring neutrality and providing military assistance to
warring nations?
8. To what degree did American involvement in the Great War reflect progressive values and ideas?
9. In what ways was the Great War the first “modern war,” and how did combat during the
Great War differ from previous conflicts?
10. How does the American experience in the Great War illustrate the concept of total mobilization?
MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
a.
was the executive director of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) who organized it into four
divisions
b.
was the U.S. attorney general that led the Red Scare and promoted raids on alien “radicals”
c.
was a strict pacifist, served as Wilson’s first secretary of state, and foresaw the implications of
sending aid to the Allies
d.
was a Republican representative from Montana who voted against American entry into the Great
War
e.
was the leading Republican in Congress as well as the reservationist concerning the League of
Nations
f.
was the business magnate who headed the Food Administration during the Great War
g.
was the Marxist radical who returned to Russia with the help of the Germans and led the Bolshevik
Revolution
h.
was originally a pacifist but went on to be an American soldier who captured more than 100
Germans during the Great War
i.
was a general who commanded U.S. forces in France, such as in the Battle of Belleau Wood
j.
was a Socialist leader who was jailed for sympathizing with men who encouraged avoidance of the
draft
1. Vladimir Lenin
2. William Jennings Bryan
3. George Creel
4. Herbert Hoover
5. Eugene V. Debs
6. Alvin York
7. Jeanette Rankin
8. Henry Cabot Lodge
9. A. Mitchell Palmer
10. John J. Pershing