CHAPTER 25
The New Deal, 1933–1939
TRUE/FALSE
1. The federal government expanded its regulatory power over Wall Street as part of the
First New Deal.
2. Early in his presidency, Roosevelt ended Prohibition, in part to regain federal tax revenues
from the sale of alcoholic beverages.
3. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was revolutionary in that it welcomed women
and housed African Americans and Native Americans in desegregated buildings.
4. By 1935, the National Recovery Administration had become unpopular.
5. Roosevelt created the Farm Credit Administration to help farmers deal with their debts.
6. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration required farmers to donate surplus crops and
livestock to feed the poor.
7. Eleanor Roosevelt was a shy person who shunned attention, but she did much work behind the
scenes to raise support for her husband’s New Deal.
8. Conservatives and business leaders considered Roosevelt a “traitor to his class” for the
increase in taxes that came with the New Deal.
9. The New Deal was responsible for ending racial discrimination in the federal government,
including the military.
10. John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath focused on the experiences of and guilt felt by
Wall Street businessmen after Black Tuesday.
11. Going to movies was a widespread activity during the thirties, in part because movies
offered a sense of release and rarely dealt with hard times.
12. The Wagner Act was intended to end labor unions.
13. Roosevelt called the Social Security Act the “supreme achievement” of the New Deal.
14. Roosevelt wanted Americans to view their retirement checks through Social Security as
something they had paid for themselves and deserved.
15. In the 1936 presidential election between Roosevelt and Alfred M. Landon, a majority of
African Americans maintained a historical trend of the time by voting for a Republican
president.
16. The Fair Labor Standards Act forbade racial discrimination in hiring.
17. Although the New Deal initiatives produced mixed results, they provided stability following the
economic downturn and would create the foundation for a system of federal social welfare
programs.
18. Despite the New Deal, full recovery from the Depression did not come until the crisis of the
Second World War.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Economic distress in the 1930s fed the growth of what in Europe?
a.
a return to more local economies
d.
liberal democracy
b.
constitutional monarchies
e.
anti-American sentiment
c.
totalitarian regimes
2. In what way was Franklin D. Roosevelt similar to his cousin Theodore Roosevelt?
a.
He generally refused to try approaches different from his own and would only enact comprehensive
plans.
b.
He entered the presidency at a time when the nation enjoyed greater prosperity and consumerism
than it ever had before.
c.
He had a quiet and tentative personality that brought him the respect of many but allowed others to
take advantage of him.
d.
He believed that it was the job solely of charities and religious organizations to help people in
distress.
e.
He believed the disproportionate influence of big corporations was at the heart of the issues of the
time.
3. Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the federal government
under Roosevelt?
a.
The power of the federal government was second to that of the state governments, which were
tasked with solving the Great Depression.
b.
The power of the federal government was second to that of Big Business, which had helped secure
Roosevelt the presidential election.
c.
Roosevelt refused to expand the scope of the federal government because he feared it would place
the budget under great strain and put the government in debt.
d.
National economic planning, restoring prosperity, and ensuring social security for all fell under the
responsibility of the federal government.
e.
Roosevelt used the federal government to preserve capitalism as a system more engrained in the
fabric of America than ever before.
4. Which of the following events was part of Roosevelt’s background, and how did it affect his presidency?
a.
He was born into a family of sharecroppers, which caused him to live most of his life in poverty
and, thus, frequently interact with those who were impoverished.
b.
He was twice elected governor of Georgia, which solidified his place as a member of the southern
elite and made him appeal to most southerners.
c.
He was permanently disabled after contracting polio, which enhanced his ability to identify with
people struggling through difficult times.
d.
His family received government aid as a child, which made him a strong proponent of the
government giving people cash or a “dole.”
e.
He was a graduate of the Naval Academy, which gave him a military background and made him
eager to enter the Second World War early in his presidency.
5. Which of the following statements describes Roosevelt’s approach to confronting the issues of
the time upon taking office?
a.
He developed a decisive, comprehensive plan at the outset, proving unbending when his cabinet
advised him to make changes to it.
b.
He took a predominantly sit-back approach, leaving most of the work to his advisers and Congress
and offering little guidance.
c.
He focused predominantly on the banking crisis and virtually ignored other issues such as
commodity prices and the relationship between unions and management.
d.
He took an active approach, trying out a series of “experiments” with the guidance of specialists
such as professors, economists, and social workers.
e.
He gave a series of inspiring speeches but was hesitant to pass any legislation until after the first
100 days, the only point at which he felt issues could be properly assessed.
6. What did Roosevelt do at the outset of his presidency to deal with the banking crisis?
a.
He pushed through a bank bailout bill worth more than $7 billion.
b.
He used his emergency powers to nationalize the banking industry.
c.
He put strict limits on the issuance of paper currency.
d.
He ordered the Federal Reserve Board to lower interest rates.
e.
He declared a bank holiday, shutting the banks down briefly.
7. What was one of the main purposes of the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933?
a.
It reduced the chance that another panic would occur by creating the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC) to insure customer bank accounts up to a certain amount of money.
b.
It merged commercial banking and investment banking so that the two were indistinguishable, and
banks were more likely to invest in the savings of depositors in the stock market.
c.
It took away the Federal Reserve Board’s authority to intervene in future financial crises and
thereby perpetuated the current banking crisis.
d.
It required that all countries, starting with the United States, adopt the gold standard so that the
president could decrease the money supply.
e.
It created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which gave many struggling workers office jobs
in the banking industry and drastically improved unemployment rates.
8. What was the significance of the Securities and Exchange Commission?
a.
The Securities and Exchange Commission marked a departure from the legislation of previous
presidencies in that it operated entirely at the state level and received little federal oversight so that
the federal government could focus on the creation of jobs.
b.
The Securities and Exchange Commission took away the requirement that all corporations that
offer stock for public sale disclose the relevant information about the company, which would in
turn make buyers of stock less confident about their purchases and purchase less.
c.
Whereas there had been little government oversight of the stocks and bonds industry prior to the
Great Crash of 1929, the Securities and Exchange Commission was one of the first major pieces of
federal legislation involving governance of the issuance and trading of stocks and bonds.
d.
Because Prohibition had been so effectively enforced and had resulted in the exchange of other
nonalcoholic goods to replace alcohol, the Securities and Exchange Commission reinstated
Prohibition temporarily until the state of the economy was back on track.
e.
The Securities and Exchange Commission focused on raising the wages of government workers to
make such jobs more appealing to those who were struggling economically due to the Depression
but who refused to work for the government out of principle.
9. What was the main purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps?
a.
to train young men to join the army and other branches of the military
b.
to provide work relief for young men through the preservation of national resources
c.
to give young women an opportunity to earn money for higher education
d.
to initiate the labor union movement as a means of bringing wage gains to current workers
e.
to establish the first national parks created by the federal government
10. Which of the following programs helped people refinance their mortgages at lower interest
rates so as to avoid bankruptcy?
a.
Works Progress Administration
d.
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation
b.
Civilian Conservation Corps
e.
Securities and Exchange Commission
c.
National Recovery Administration
11. Which of the following organizations sought to set workplace standards, such as child labor restrictions?
a.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
b.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
c.
National Recovery Administration
d.
Works Progress Administration
e.
Civilian Conservation Corps
12. Which of the following is an example of a National Recovery Administration (NRA)
“fair labor” code?
a.
the prohibition of gender discrimination at work
b.
guaranteed paid vacations
c.
the establishment of a national forty-hour workweek
d.
the prohibition of racial discrimination at work
e.
the requirement of strict adherence to anti-trust laws
13. Why did the Supreme Court declare the NRA unconstitutional in 1935?
a.
The NRA had assumed lawmaking powers that were constitutionally only granted to Congress.
b.
The NRA had failed to protect the rights of agricultural workers as well as industrial workers.
c.
African American employees had been denied the same benefits as white employees.
d.
The NRA had engaged in shady business practices to enrich its leaders.
e.
The NRA was a thinly disguised mechanism for raising funds for Roosevelt’s 1936 campaign.
14. The goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was to raise farm income mainly through
a.
cutbacks in production.
b.
intensive farming.
c.
a government takeover of the commodity trade in Chicago.
d.
increased immigration.
e.
marketing quotas.
15. The Dust Bowl can be associated with
a.
massive migrations from the impacted area to the Atlantic coast.
b.
terrible thunderstorms that plagued the Great Basin.
c.
a severe blow primarily to farmers in Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
d.
the blowing away of millions of acres of topsoil across the plains.
e.
a debilitating drought and lack of jobs in the Far West.
16. The Tennessee Valley Authority employed thousands in order to
a.
produce cheap electric power.
b.
produce murals, photographs, and other cultural representations of American life.
c.
repair and maintain roads and infrastructure.
d.
help farmers cultivate their crops more efficiently.
e.
develop Smoky Mountain National Park.
17. What was one drawback of the Tennessee Valley Authority?
a.
A drought could cause electricity rates to increase.
b.
It forced people to move if their land was needed for dams and lakes.
c.
Tennessee became one of the most polluted states in the nation.
d.
It put all of the private power companies in the South out of business.
e.
Alabama refused to accept “socialized electricity.”
18. Which of the following statements about Eleanor Roosevelt is accurate?
a.
She primarily played the role of White House hostess.
b.
She had more influence than her husband in shaping New Deal policies.
c.
She was an official member of FDR’s cabinet.
d.
She was especially supportive of women, African Americans, and youth.
e.
She became most famous for her “fireside chats.”
19. Which of the following statements correctly describes FDR’s attitude toward African Americans?
a.
His approach as president marked a major departure from that of Woodrow Wilson because he
regularly addressed patterns of racism in the South during speeches.
b.
Highly moved by the plight of African Americans, he quietly pushed through legislation that finally
put an end to segregation around the country.
c.
Even as African Americans were shifting toward the Democratic party, he generally showed little
concern for the difficulties facing them.
d.
Even at the urging of people close to him, he refused to make any appointments of African
Americans to government positions.
e.
His approach as president marked a major departure in that one rule all New Deal programs had in
common was that they were forbidden from discriminating against African Americans.
20. What does the Scottsboro case illustrate about American society during the Great Depression?
a.
Many farmers still depended upon Latin American migrant workers despite unemployment rates.
b.
Many Americans were uncomfortable with the New Deal, fearing it meant the coming of socialism.
c.
Racial prejudices still meant that blacks were often unfairly treated under the law.
d.
Women still faced discrimination in the workplace, resulting in lower pay compared to men.
e.
Labor unions struggled to establish a presence in major northern cities.
21. Which of the following did the Supreme Court do in the case of Norris v. Alabama?
a.
It upheld the original stories of the two women involved in the Scottsboro case due to their
unwavering testimony.
b.
It overturned a state law restricting the sale of petroleum products beyond certain quotas to protect
labor unions.
c.
It upheld Alabama’s claim that the Scottsboro Boys were not entitled to public defenders and
convicted them.
d.
It dealt a major blow to Roosevelt’s New Deal in that it declared the lack of federal jobs programs
for Latin Americans unconstitutional.
e.
It ruled that the systematic exclusion of blacks from juries denied Scottsboro defendants equal
protection under the law.
22. How successful was the Indian Reorganization Act in bringing New Deal–style programs to
Native Americans?
a.
It was a success in that it restored native control over land and directed federal funds to help
encourage native-owned businesses to grow to international prominence.
b.
It was a partial success in that although only a weakened form of it passed Congress, it encouraged
native groups to revise their own constitutions to give women more political power.
c.
It failed to pass Congress in any form, leading to widespread disillusionment with the New Deal
among Native Americans and their inability to participate in any of the programs.
d.
It failed to pass Congress in any form, leading to John Collier’s resignation as the chief of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs and his renewed efforts to take land from Native Americans.
e.
It was successful because Native Americans were one of the few groups barely affected by the
tumults of the Depression, so there was less work that needed to be done.
23. What was the significance of John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath?
a.
It was written by the grandson of former slaves and focused on depicting life in the South after the
end of the Jim Crow laws.
b.
It portrayed a fictional world in which the Depression had never transpired, which helped readers
forget about their own everyday struggles.
c.
It centered on the experiences of the Dust Bowl and demonstrated the solidarity of struggling
people during the Depression.
d.
Its wide readership at the time showed how movies remained unpopular and inaccessible at the
time, except by the wealthiest class.
e.
It demonstrated that the number of Americans who became members of the Communist party for
extended periods of time was on the rise.
24. Who was Richard Wright?
a.
He led the conservative outcry against New Deal business regulation, warning it would only lead to
a more severe Depression.
b.
He wrote a series of famous articles that argued that the Depression had brought more civil rights
for African Americans.
c.
He wrote Native Son, a story of racial prejudice that follows events that transpire after an accidental
murder.
d.
He was the outspoken head of the Farm Security Administration and tended to deny loans to tenant
farmers.
e.
He was the economist who originally dreamed up Social Security and pushed for its emergence in
the United States.
25. Who were the Marx Brothers?
a.
They came up with the most revolutionary theory in the history of labor relations and made labor
unions nearly obsolete.
b.
They introduced a personal television small and affordable enough to bring into people’s homes,
making the radio obsolete.
c.
They produced some of the most serious dramatic films of the thirties, a genre that characterized
the majority of feature films.
d.
They typified the German communists at work in Detroit’s unions, as the number of American
communists surged
e.
They produced plotless masterpieces of irreverent satire that provided a sense of escape during the
Depression.
26. During his presidential campaign, what did Huey Long propose as an alternative to the New Deal?
a.
the Share-the-Wealth Society to raise taxes on the wealthy and redistribute money to
“the people”
b.
federally funded health care due to the record levels of poverty during the Depression
c.
a return to more conservative fiscal policies and increased cooperation with Big Business
d.
the nationalization of American banks due to the ongoing threat of bank runs
e.
federal work programs to provide Americans with jobs and help American infrastructure
27. During the Depression, Charles Coughlin’s radio broadcasts increasingly became hostile
toward not only ________ but also ________.
a.
the New Deal; Jews
b.
the Share-the-Wealth Society; Nazis
c.
Francis E. Townsend; labor unions
d.
Roman Catholicism; Mexican Americans
e.
Huey Long; fascists
28. What did the Supreme Court do in the case of Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States?
a.
It ended the Farm Credit Administration because it caused farmers’ debts only to deepen, while Big
Business accumulated great wealth at their expense.
b.
It overturned the National Industrial Recovery Act, ruling that Congress had given too much power
to the president and representing the growing opposition to the New Deal.
c.
It decided that Schechter was involved in interstate, not local, trade and therefore need not change
anything about its practices to adhere to the law.
d.
It upheld the constitutionality of the second Agricultural Adjustment Act because it protected the
“middle men” that processed food crops and warehoused commodities.
e.
It prevented Roosevelt from going through the Second New Deal, even though he had already
helped put together most of the policy for it.
29. What was the Second New Deal?
a.
the period of the New Deal that no longer involved jobs programs
b.
an alternative plan proposed by Roosevelt’s harshest critics
c.
the name given to Harry S. Truman’s policies when he became president after Roosevelt
d.
the stage of the New Deal that most benefited the wealthy, such as thorough tax cuts
e.
the more radical phase of the New Deal that included projects such as Social Security
30. Which of the following is true of the Works Progress Administration?
a.
It inspired Roosevelt to create the programs known as the New Deal, as Herbert Hoover established
it before he left office.
b.
It managed a wide array of jobs, became the nation’s largest employer, and included the National
Youth Administration.
c.
It was the most expensive New Deal program as it handed out a certain percentage of its funds to
individuals to provide direct relief.
d.
It focused entirely on engineering projects and was criticized for not bringing in any jobs that
concerned cultural progress.
e.
It benefited only adults and was criticized for not being concerned at all with the well-being of the
nation’s youth.
31. What was the purpose of the Wagner Act?
a.
It signaled the very beginning of what became known as the First New Deal.
b.
It gave government jobs to several thousand unemployed miners.
c.
It guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management.
d.
It officially ended the work of the National Labor Relations Board.
e.
It gave employers the right to fully control union activities.
32. Which of the following statements about the Social Security Act of 1935 is true?
a.
It involved a federal retirement fund for people over sixty-five and was meant to supplement other
sources of income.
b.
Roosevelt assured Americans that it would provide everyone with a comfortable retirement by
itself.
c.
It was funded from the general revenue of the government, rather than using taxes collected through
a payroll.
d.
It was revolutionary in that the basic concept of government assistance to the elderly was brand
new to American politics.
e.
All American workers, no matter the industry or field, paid into the fund, and it especially
transformed the lives of domestic workers.
33. How did the U.S. Social Security system during the thirties compare with similar programs in Europe?
a.
The U.S. system conversely benefited a larger number of workers, for it funded such programs
using general government revenues alone.
b.
The U.S. system conversely helped the poor more than it did the rich, which allowed large amounts
of money to reenter circulation.
c.
The U.S. system was in many ways a response to the Depression, whereas Europe remained largely
untouched by the economic distress of the Depression.
d.
The U.S. system conversely refused to include any sort of aid for those who were ill or disabled and
focused only on old-age assistance.
e.
The U.S. system was more conservative, as the only government-managed retirement program in
the world financed by taxes on the earnings of workers.
34. Which of the following figures refused to apply for a Social Security card?
a.
Alfred Smith
d.
Eugene Debs
b.
Herbert Hoover
e.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
c.
Theodore Roosevelt
35. Conservatives lambasted the Social Security Act as
a.
“too weak” to lead to actual changes in American life.
b.
“communistic” in that Communist countries had also adopted it.
c.
“partisan” in appealing the most to southern Democrats.
d.
“tyrannical” in its expansion of government power.
e.
“too inclusive” in its disproportionately benefiting African Americans.
36. Labor’s new direction in the late 1930s was toward
a.
decentralization of union organization.
d.
the Republican party.
b.
industrial unions.
e.
craft unions.
c.
women in unions.
37. The new tactic of the “sit–down strike” was used successfully in 1937 by ________ and
inspired other workers to ________.
a.
African American workers; leave unions
b.
southern workers; support Alfred M. Landon
c.
steel workers; rebel against the New Deal
d.
automobile workers; join unions
e.
western miners; move to the Northeast
38. Which of the following is true of the 1936 presidential election?
a.
Roosevelt was reelected, but Republicans made big gains in Congress.
b.
Huey Long ran one of the strongest third–party campaigns in history.
c.
Roosevelt defeated Alfred M. Landon in a landslide, carrying almost every state.
d.
Concerns over the coming war in Europe dominated the campaign.
e.
Roosevelt lost the support of middle-class voters and African Americans.
39. In early 1937, Roosevelt proposed to reform the Supreme Court by
a.
requiring justices to retire at age 70.
b.
adding up to six additional members.
c.
removing justices appointed by previous presidents.
d.
making justices regularly run for election.
e.
requiring Senate confirmation hearings.
40. Roosevelt’s plan involving the Supreme Court in 1937 became unnecessary when
a.
the Supreme Court ruled that only the president has authority to adjust the number of justices.
b.
the Supreme Court agreed to an extension of the number of justices under certain cases.
c.
Congress removed cases involving the New Deal from the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
d.
the Supreme Court began reversing previous judgments and upholding the New Deal.
e.
he began using executive orders to circumvent the Supreme Court.
41. Why was the episode surrounding the “Court–packing” plan significant?
a.
It showed how easily Roosevelt gave up on schemes when things began to go his way again.
b.
It was among Roosevelt’s most humiliating moments and fractured the Democratic party.
c.
It greatly harmed the institutional integrity of the Supreme Court, as Roosevelt’s bill was passed.
d.
It bolstered Roosevelt’s reputation and prestige, assuring his reelection against Landon.
e.
It showed that Roosevelt identified too much with everyday Americans to get very political.
42. The 1937 economic slump was caused in part by
a.
a sharp decrease in government spending.
b.
a sharp rise in private spending.
c.
the huge government deficit.
d.
the repeal of the Revenue Act of 1935.
e.
the announcement that Social Security payroll taxes would be postponed.
43. What did the Farm Security Administration do?
a.
It administered the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, or the “Second AAA,” marking the
beginning of what became known as the Second New Deal.
b.
It offered loans to farmers so that they could avoid falling into bankruptcy, as well as to tenant
farmers so that they could purchase their own farms.
c.
It provided federal subsidies for the expansion of large farms, as commercial agriculture had
recently been introduced to the United States.
d.
It established educational programs to teach farmers new agricultural methods that would finally
produce enough yields to feed the starving population of the Depression.
e.
It concentrated on rehabilitating devastated soils on the Great Plains by transporting nutrient-rich
soil from other regions of the United States.
44. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?
a.
It set a minimum wage of 40¢ an hour.
b.
It protected workers’ right to form unions.
c.
It was unconstitutional, according to a ruling by the Supreme Court.
d.
It required equal pay for female workers.
e.
It prohibited the employment of children under the age of twelve.
45. Which of the following factors helped stall the development of the New Deal in the late 1930s?
a.
conservative southern Democrats joining with Republicans to block proposed New Deal programs
b.
the lack of political influence of African Americans and union members in the North
c.
the belief that Roosevelt had failed to exercise enough power as president and relied on the states
d.
the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor led by the Japanese that propelled the United States into war
e.
the onset of a natural disaster that came to be known as the Dust Bowl
46. In 1939, in light of recent setbacks to his agenda, how did FDR speak of the New Deal?
a.
He spoke of the need to extend reforms to other countries.
b.
He spoke of the need to develop civil rights reforms.
c.
He spoke of the need to cut back on expensive reforms.
d.
He spoke of the need to start fresh and develop brand new reforms.
e.
He spoke of the need to preserve reforms.
47. What was the greatest triumph of the New Deal?
a.
its full restoration of prosperity and end to record levels of unemployment
b.
its role in demonstrating that American democracy could cope with the collapse of capitalism
c.
its widespread promotion of the civil rights of African Americans
d.
the government takeover of American banks and the boost this provided to the economy
e.
its appeal to the American public to declare war on Nazi Germany
48. Which of the following eventually proved the MOST effective answer to the sluggish economy, unemployment, and
the plight of farmers?
a.
the Farm Security Administration
b.
an increase in tenant farmers
c.
national mobilization for the Second World War
d.
Roosevelt’s resolve to decrease federal spending
e.
the decline of labor unions
49. What was the greatest failure of the New Deal?
a.
its inability to form any public health service programs
b.
its destruction of the capitalistic system in the United States for several decades
c.
its failure to restore prosperity fully and end record levels of unemployment
d.
the precedent established by a full government takeover of American banks
e.
the fact that its political momentum was at its height at the onset of the Second World War
ESSAY
1. Describe the gains made by labor during the New Deal.
2. How did political pressure and opposing views shape New Deal policies?
3. Why did Roosevelt attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court? Did he achieve his goals?
4. Compare and contrast the First New Deal and Second New Deal. What elements did they
have in common, and what made them distinctive?
5. How did the nation’s perceptions of the role of government—its powers and
responsibilities—change in the 1930s?
6. Describe the First Hundred Days of FDR’s presidency. What, if any, accomplishments did he have?
7. Describe the various measures that President Roosevelt undertook in his first term to help
relieve the human misery in America.
8. Evaluate to what degree Roosevelt’s New Deal policies helped solve the problems caused by
the Great Depression.
9. Describe the impact the Great Depression had on popular culture in America.
MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
a.
was commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and increased the number of Native Americans
employed by the bureau
b.
served as secretary of labor as the first woman cabinet member in American history and went on to
design the Social Security Act
c.
was a Roosevelt critic whose assassination before the presidential election of 1936 ended the
possibility of giving the Republican candidate a winning margin
d.
promoted social justice issues within the White House, became an outspoken activist, and held
press conferences
e.
was head of the United Mine Workers who was one of the first to capitalize on the pro-Union spirit
of the NIRA
f.
proposed to pay $200 a month to those over 60 who retired and promised to spend the money
g.
devoured books borrowed with a white friend’s library card and went on to write powerful novels
centered on the quest for social justice
h.
was a distinguished journalist who had a close relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt and became her
nearly constant traveling companion
i.
was Roosevelt’s closest aid who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1. Huey Long
2. Frances Coralie Perkins
3. John Collier
4. Harry L. Hopkins
5. Richard Wright
6. Eleanor Roosevelt
7. John L. Lewis
8. Lorena “Hick” Hickok
9. Francis E. Townsend