CHAPTER 18
The New South and the New West, 1865–1900
TRUE/FALSE
1. The number of cotton mills in the South more than doubled between 1880 and 1900.
2. Despite the growth of industry in the postwar South, in 1900 it was still the least educated
and urban region of the United States.
3. Due to high cotton prices, many sharecroppers were able to save money and buy farms.
4. In the crop-lien system, farmers could grow little besides cotton, tobacco, or some other cash crop.
5. As the price paid for raw cotton rose steadily over the last quarter of the nineteenth century,
the average annual income of white southerners was double that of Americans outside
the South.
6. A violent fiNegrophobia” swept across only the South during the post–Civil War era.
7. The argument made by many southerners to advance the principle of fiseparate but equal”
was that racial segregation laws were legal as long as the segregated facilities were equal
in quality.
8. Some southern politicians condoned lynchings of African Americans, and southern whites
used the practice to take the law into their own hands.
9. Widespread violence, such as that of a mob that stormed Wilmington, North Carolina, often
went hand in hand with the Jim Crow laws.
10. Booker T. Washington argued that the black community needed to focus on establishing an
economic foundation before agitating for political and social equality.
11. By the year 1870, enough time had passed that the approach to settling the West no longer
involved the exploitation and near-extermination of Native Americans, only economic
opportunity and personal freedom.
12. A number of the cowboys who participated in the Texas cattle drives were African American.
13. Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company became the first major environmental
legal victory in the United States.
14. Most farmers who benefited from the Homestead Act of 1862 became successful self-sustaining farmers.
15. Women in the western territories and states were the last to get the right to vote.
16. In the 1860s, the federal government forced numerous Native American tribes to leave lands
that the government had promised would be theirs forever.
17. The Indian wars effectively ended with the capture of Geronimo, a chief of the
Chiricahua Apaches.
18. The main goal in passing the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to swindle the Indians out of
their remaining lands.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The major champion of the New South gospel was
a.
J. L. M. Curry.
d.
Edmund Ruffin.
b.
Henry W. Grady.
e.
C. Vann Woodward.
c.
John Ruffin Green.
2. Proponents of creating a fiNew South” argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because
a.
slavery was unsustainable.
b.
its military leadership was inept.
c.
the Union embraced more desirable cultural values.
d.
the southern elite were soft and undisciplined.
e.
it relied too much upon King Cotton.
3. Proponents of the New South believed that the South should
a.
eliminate agriculture and focus solely on industrialization.
b.
form a separate nation from the North.
c.
build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.
d.
once again be dominated by planter aristocrats.
e.
encourage immigration to provide cheap labor.
4. The principal accomplishment of the South’s industrialization after the Civil War was the
dramatic growth of the ________ industry.
a.
automobile
d.
coal
b.
lumber
e.
textile
c.
steel
5. What was the significance of the Duke family’s tobacco business?
a.
Bankrupt soon after its founding after the Civil War, it demonstrated the often insurmountable
economic difficulties due to the South’s ongoing dependence on plantations over factories.
b.
Contrary to many companies in the North that joined forces with their competitors, it remained a
tiny but successful family owned farm and offered a model for the rest of the South.
c.
Forming a modern cigarette factory producing large quantities of tobacco, it contributed to the
dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post–Civil War South.
d.
The first such government-owned company in the United States, it came to represent the federal
government’s approach to rebuilding the nation’s economy and agriculture after the Civil War.
e.
The North’s largest industrial employer, it greatly helped revamp the nation’s economy after the
Civil War and brought migrants to New England in massive numbers.
6. Why was Birmingham, Alabama, named the fiPittsburgh of the South”?
a.
It was an iron center.
d.
It lacked racial segregation.
b.
It lacked natural resources.
e.
It had the same population size.
c.
It was Andrew Carnegie’s birthplace.
7. Redeemers tended to be
a.
fierce advocates for women’s suffrage.
b.
southerners against the idea of the New South.
c.
members of the Republican party.
d.
former slaves firedeemed” by emancipation.
e.
white Democrats who were pro-business.
8. The redeemers emphasized the restoration of
a.
slavery.
d.
black political activity.
b.
Republican rule.
e.
publicly funded education.
c.
white supremacy.
9. In what way did King Cotton survive beyond the Civil War in the 1880s?
a.
It was still a major southern crop despite never regaining the huge profitability of the 1850s.
b.
It continued to expand due to the growth of its export market from wartime alliances.
c.
It thrived like never before because the U.S. government now gave farmers new subsidies.
d.
It lingered, although the amount produced was far less than prior to the war.
e.
It persisted but was only used for luxury items, as synthetic materials were invented in the 1880s.
10. The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of
a.
capital.
d.
domestic help.
b.
labor.
e.
water.
c.
cotton.
11. As part of the crop-lien system, which of the following services did ficrossroads” merchants
provide in exchange for the pledge of a portion of participants’ future crops?
a.
legal assistance
b.
food, clothing, seed, and other items fion credit”
c.
loans to purchase land
d.
livestock and jobs in the cattle industry
e.
medical services
12. Was the crop-lien system successful? Why or why not?
a.
Yes, it was an effective system because landowners tended to encourage sharecroppers and tenants
to grow their own vegetable gardens, thereby allowing them to feed themselves.
b.
Yes, it was an effective system because due to the availability of fertile land, the farms were large
and generated considerable amounts of income for both landlord and sharecropper.
c.
Yes, it was an effective system because it developed close and trusting bonds between those who
worked the farms and their landlords, as they received a consistent share of the proceeds.
d.
No, it was self-destructive because overplanting tobacco and cotton led to the terrible erosion of
farmland and was a post–Civil War version of economic slavery for poor white and black people.
e.
No, it was self-destructive because most farmers owned the land on which they worked and, thus,
took good care of it to meet their own needs, rather than paying back the former landlord.
13. Which of the following is true of the Mississippi Plan?
a.
It guaranteed African Americans their voting rights in the face of intense voter suppression efforts
and established Mississippi as a haven in the South for former slaves.
b.
It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant
farmers or were illiterate, and set a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow.
c.
It followed the lead of several other southern states in guaranteeing black civil rights as part of
recognizing the important role former slaves had played in making King Cotton possible.
d.
It removed the poll tax because unlike other regulations that hurt just poor African Americans, it
also hurt many whites, signaling the decline of the new wave of racism.
e.
It granted confiscated land to African Americans because white southern legislators were desperate
to see signs of African American financial success in order to ease the South’s economic problems.
14. What was the figrandfather clause”?
a.
Written in response to several events marked by racial discrimination, it stated that segregation and
voter suppression were against the law and that offenders of all generations would be fined.
b.
Added to many southern states’ constitutions, it allowed illiterate whites to vote if their fathers or
grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, when blacks were still disenfranchised.
c.
Created as part of the Jim Crow laws, it placed men and women back into traditional slavery if they
were convicted of a felony and their fathers or grandfathers had been a slave.
d.
Introduced as part of the Mississippi Plan, it granted the right to vote to black men if they could
prove that their fathers or grandfathers had been white.
e.
Proposed as part of the federal government’s Reconstruction efforts, it afforded protections for
elderly African Americans who were unable to make a living as tenant farmers.
15. In what came to be called the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was
a.
declared constitutional due to the ruling that whether public facilities should be segregated was a
matter of federal law only and did not rest with the states.
b.
upheld because white supremacists had little influence on matters of state law and tended to only
discriminate against African Americans behind the scenes.
c.
declared unconstitutional due to the ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not
give Congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination.
d.
endorsed by the Democratic party as a means to help end racial discrimination in the South and
bring blacks and whites together to help rebuild the economy.
e.
replaced by a new version of the Civil Rights Act that gave stronger protections to African
Americans and ensured them the right to vote.
16. The 1896 Supreme Court decision in ________ legitimized racial segregation as constitutional
by affirming the idea of fiseparate but equal.”
a.
Plessy v. Ferguson
d.
McCullough v. Maryland
b.
Eugene v. Debs
e.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
c.
Marbury v. Madison
17. Which of the following came to be hallmarks of upholding the Jim Crow system?
a.
the initial passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875
b.
churches in which people of many races prayed together
c.
fiwhites only” or ficolored only” signs above restrooms and water fountains
d.
the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation
e.
the formation of Native American reservations in the West
18. How did African Americans tend to respond to white supremacy in the South at the end of the nineteenth century?
a.
Most African Americans completely surrendered to the challenges brought by white supremacy, as
they faced a life devoid of economic opportunities with no incentive for activism.
b.
Whereas middle-class African American men had many opportunities to lash out, middle-class
African American women lacked their own social clubs and opportunities to show leadership.
c.
Most African Americans refused to adjust to the realities of white supremacy and segregation and
defied these systems every day with total disregard for the possibility of punishment.
d.
Angry about having achieved true freedom only to see it slip away, most African Americans turned
away from religion entirely and formed atheist organizations as a means of coping.
e.
Despite great adversity, many African Americans embraced their own lively culture and the new
economic opportunities that segregation had ironically opened up in terms of black businesses.
19. Who was the first African American to file a suit challenging such discrimination as being
denied a seat on a railroad car, went on to become a journalist, and helped found the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People?
a.
Henry Grady
d.
Homer Plessy
b.
Ida B. Wells
e.
Benjamin Singleton
c.
Booker T. Washington
20. At the turn of the century, ________ argued that the black response to racial prejudice
should be one of ficeaseless agitation” directed toward achieving political and social equality.
a.
W. E. B. Du Bois
d.
Alfred Waddell
b.
Booker T. Washington
e.
Henry Smith
c.
James Plunkett
21. Why did W. E. B. Du Bois disagree with what he called the Atlanta Compromise?
a.
He argued that because it was a piece of legislation written by white men, it would not make a
difference in everyday lives of African Americans.
b.
He argued that the education of blacks should be strictly vocational because training new black
leaders would lead to backlash.
c.
He argued that Booker T. Washington’s ideas aimed to satisfy powerful whites, thereby giving
credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.
d.
He argued that the civil rights strategy that Booker T. Washington advocated was too militant and
dangerous.
e.
He argued that it focused too much on political and social equality for blacks and not enough on
economic prosperity and assimilation.
22. Which of the following statements accurately describes foreign immigration in the West in
the last quarter of the nineteenth century?
a.
Immigration was uncommon in the West because immigrants needed to pass through eastern cities
such as New York and could not afford to make the journey all the way across the country.
b.
Chinese and Mexican immigrants traveled to the western United States in the largest numbers, with
immigration from northern Europe having largely occurred in previous centuries.
c.
Foreign immigration to the West plummeted to low levels after the Civil War because most
settlements had been destroyed by the war and would need to be rebuilt.
d.
While there were many immigrants in the West, different nationalities tended to settle in regions so
far apart from one another that intermingling was rare and their cultures remained untouched.
e.
Although immigrants formed a large part of the population in the West, discrimination was still
pervasive, such as the denial of citizenship rights to Chinese immigrants.
23. fiExodusters” migrated to the West often because
a.
Radical Republican rule had been reinstated and they were worried about losing their southern
plantations.
b.
they were making their exodus from the South in search of a place devoid of racism and poverty.
c.
there was an abundance of houses, stores, and water in the West, especially around Kansas
homesteads.
d.
southerners had passed legislation banishing them to live in the desert because they were still
vengeful after the Civil War.
e.
they wanted to spread their beliefs in Christianity and convert Native Americans from coast to
coast.
24. Who was Benjamin Singleton?
a.
He was an early promoter of black migration to the West.
b.
He won a Congressional Medal of Honor for his capture of Sitting Bull.
c.
He invented the refrigerated railroad car.
d.
He was elected governor of Virginia in 1879.
e.
He became the first African American elected to Congress.
25. Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?
a.
It used up what little water resources existed in the West and put a stop to western migration.
b.
It entailed the removal of entire mountain ranges, which killed wildlife and changed the climate.
c.
It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.
d.
It caused the migration of wildlife like raccoons, bears, and deer into nearby big cities.
e.
It relied on sifting gold dust and nuggets out of riverbeds by means of fiplacer” mining, or
fipanning.”
26. Violence in the mining towns was
a.
as common as ethic prejudice toward groups such as Mexicans and Chinese.
b.
largely instigated by cattlemen due to conflict over livestock ownership.
c.
never very prominent because settlers led such simple lifestyles.
d.
perpetrated entirely by Native Americans due to conflicts over land.
e.
widespread due to the perpetual lack of mass-production industry in the West.
27. The Comstock Lode refers to a
a.
large reservation set aside for Native Americans in Texas.
b.
mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.
c.
black disenfranchisement plan promoted by southerners who moved West.
d.
cattle drive that ran through Ohio and ended in Wyoming.
e.
settlement in the Rockies that marked the end of territorial governments in the West.
28. Six states were created from the western territories in the years 1889–1890. These states
were NOT admitted before 1889 because
a.
Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily
Republican.
b.
the lawlessness of many western towns discouraged Congress from admitting the territories as
states.
c.
states such as Oklahoma and Arizona that were first admitted a century earlier had proven
unsuccessful investments.
d.
if large mining firms had been forced to pay state taxes, they would have had to close down for
good.
e.
the cattle ranchers lobbied for continued open range as regulated by the territorial legislatures.
29. The first great cattle town was
a.
Abilene, Kansas.
d.
Butte, Montana.
b.
St. Louis, Missouri.
e.
Denver, Colorado.
c.
Fort Worth, Texas.
30. Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?
a.
As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were
established in the West.
b.
The railroads enabled the meat of eastern cattle to be shipped west in order to feed the region’s
growing population.
c.
The railroads opened up Mexico as a market for American meat and eliminated the need to
maintain cattle ranches in the United States.
d.
Cowboys from the eastern states could now travel to the West to apply their expertise and teach
new settlers their ways.
e.
The railroads increased the industry’s profit margin by eliminating the need for cowboys, and
ranches were converted to modern-day factory farms.
31. What was Joseph Glidden’s claim to fame?
a.
He was a railroad man who reaped great profits from the early cattle drives and became the richest
figure in the West.
b.
He perfected the invention of barbed wire, which sparked firange wars” as well as the loss of Native
American lands.
c.
He became a renowned buffalo hunter, slaughtering thousands of the animals and making them
more important to the United States than cattle.
d.
He led the sheep ranchers against the cattlemen for control of western grazing lands but suffered a
dramatic defeat.
e.
He called for the regulation of bonanza farms because he believed they were unethical and harmed
farmers.
32. The fiopen range” meant
a.
small ranchers could graze their cattle anywhere.
b.
land was owned by the Indians.
c.
animals were protected from ranchers and hunters.
d.
land ownership had to be approved by Congress.
e.
land was open to mining.
33. The rise of the cattle industry
a.
saw the decline of the railroad.
b.
made San Francisco the fastest-growing city in the nation.
c.
made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.
d.
was also the decline of the agricultural industry.
e.
also saw a dramatic rise in international trade.
34. Why did Congress pass the Homestead Act?
a.
to appease big ranchers who had lobbied for it
b.
to encourage settlement of the western lands
c.
to encourage the railroads to build a transcontinental road out of the North
d.
to place Native American tribes on reservations
e.
to build militias in Indian country in anticipation of full-out war
35. Which of the following occurred as railroads brought piles of lumber to the West?
a.
The lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East.
b.
Farmers protested this development because lumber would overtake agriculture.
c.
Local lumber companies protested because this was an essential western industry.
d.
Farmers in the West could upgrade their houses into more comfortable homes.
e.
Native Americans protested the arrival of this commodity due to loss of trade opportunities.
36. What export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century?
a.
cotton
d.
wheat
b.
rice
e.
cattle
c.
corn
37. In much of the nineteenth century, women in Texas were legally prohibited from
a.
settling in mining communities.
d.
getting married.
b.
farming.
e.
suing and serving on juries.
c.
getting any education.
38. The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women
a.
more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts, as farming required a
lot of help.
b.
enjoy all the same legal protections, such as the ability to buy and sell property.
c.
come to an understanding that women would play solely a subservient role on the frontier.
d.
follow a very nomadic lifestyle, as farming and mining communities were so rare.
e.
face the reality that there would be far more women than men due to dangerous men’s work.
39. Which of the following was a result of the Sand Creek Massacre in which Colorado militiamen slaughtered a large
number of peaceful Native Americans?
a.
The central plains remained peaceful for the next several years because so few Native Americans
were left.
b.
Native American tribes such as the Arapaho and Sioux celebrated what had befallen the Cheyenne
and joined forces with the militiamen.
c.
Congress and the army launched investigations that concluded that the Native Americans had been
murdered in cold blood.
d.
Colonel John M. Chivington became the leading voice for Native American rights following the
Civil War.
e.
All military captains and colonels destroyed any evidence of the massacre, refused to testify, and
grew more unified than ever.
40. Buffalo soldiers were
a.
black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.
b.
Indian scouts who helped the United States army against the Plains tribes during the Indian wars.
c.
white hunters who killed millions of buffalo in the West, resulting in its extinction in the United
States.
d.
Jamaican immigrants who joined the United States army after the Civil War in exchange for
citizenship.
e.
European immigrants from the North who had little experience fighting but joined the army in the
West.
41. Following the 1867 fiReport on the Condition of the Indian Tribes,” Congress decided that the best way to end the
Indian wars was to
a.
send in the army, under men such as George Custer, to break the morale of the Indians.
b.
systematically kill most of the buffalo because the fight over them had caused so much conflict.
c.
fiAmericanize” the Indians by offering them an education at the white man’s schools.
d.
persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations.
e.
allow Indians to follow old traditions such as the Ghost Dance.
42. The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the
a.
Apache.
d.
Sioux.
b.
Comanche.
e.
Blackfeet.
c.
Crow.
43. Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant?
a.
General George Custer’s troops defeated the Cherokee and Seminole Indians, leading to greater
prosperity for the Native Americans on the Dakota Reservation.
b.
Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer’s soldiers, leading
Congress to prepare for fitotal war.”
c.
Although Chief Red Cloud was captured and murdered, his death boosted Sioux morale and
ensured they would win the war.
d.
Sioux and Cheyenne Indians won a large chunk of the Montana Territory, which they kept for
fourteen years.
e.
Chief Sitting Bull scouted for the United States against his own people because Grant and Congress
promised to establish a peace policy.
44. Why is the conventional explanation that the buffalo disappeared from the plains due to
overhunting by whites in the West more complicated than it seems?
a.
The buffalo never disappeared from the plains and simply evolved through their ability to escape
detection by humans.
b.
Whites actually hunted very few buffalo and focused solely on cattle drives due to better familiarity
and the resources available.
c.
Estimates of the buffalo population decline have since been shown to be greatly exaggerated based
on improved algorithms.
d.
It ignores the natural annual migration of buffalo to Mexico and Canada during the coldest and
hottest months of the year.
e.
Environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition with other animals, also came
into play.
45. After the capture of many of his people by U.S. soldiers, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
Indians gave a speech saying that
a.
his people should resist white settlement to their very last man, woman, and child.
b.
the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people’s needless deaths.
c.
white Americans offered a superior way of life, especially in terms of public schools.
d.
he would commit suicide before agreeing to surrender.
e.
a massive alliance of Indians offered one last chance to turn back American settlement.
46. Which of the following statements is true of the Ghost Dance movement?
a.
Christian missionaries introduced it to Lakota reservations as a way to bridge a cultural divide and
persuade the Native Americans.
b.
It sparked a series of brutal Indian attacks upon U.S. military outposts out of anger the United
States had adopted their culture as their own.
c.
Alarmed, the Indian Bureau banned it on reservations, but Native Americans defied the order as
legend had it that it brought prosperity and peace.
d.
Crazy Horse introduced it to the Great Plains during battle as a major fighting technique that
involved large amounts of weapons.
e.
It directly led to the Sand Creek Massacre, leading the federal government to first dispatch troops to
the West.
47. Helen Hunt Jackson’s book A Century of Dishonor was influential in describing the
United States’ exploitation of
a.
African Americans.
d.
women.
b.
Native Americans.
e.
eastern European immigrants.
c.
Chinese immigrants.
48. In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes addressed the American approach to dealing with Native Americans, saying,
a.
fiNo matter the cost, we must kill the Indian in order to save the man.”
b.
fiI am indifferent toward the events of the Indian wars. Regardless of what occurred, we must move
forward.”
c.
fiIf we kill the bison, we control the Indians and open the way to western expansion.”
d.
fiIndians must be removed from tribes in order to progress as a nation.”
e.
fiMany, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice
on our part.”
49. What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act?
a.
It was designed to sever ties the Native Americans had with Canada due to poor relations between
the American and Canadian governments.
b.
It gave each Native American tribe up to 520 acres of land and provided a quota that it needed to
meet in terms of agricultural production.
c.
It declared the actions undertaken by the Ku Klux Klan illegal and forced the organization to
dissolve.
d.
It sought to fiAmericanize” Indians by forcing them to become self-reliant farmers that individually
owned their own land.
e.
It granted Native Americans U.S. citizenship and specified other civil rights that they would be
guaranteed.
50. The 1890 census data indicated that
a.
Indians still outnumbered whites in the West.
b.
no cities had developed in the West, just small farms.
c.
the frontier era in American development was over.
d.
it would take several more generations to close the American West to settlement.
e.
California had become the most populous state in the Union.
51. Which of the following did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in his fifrontier thesis”?
a.
Western settlement had essentially been one great failure, and the American public should be
ashamed of the exploitation it had caused.
b.
The only way for the United States to settle the frontier was through peaceful relations with the
Native Americans.
c.
American culture and identity developed from the ways in which the frontier shaped those who
lived on it.
d.
With the end of the western settlement, the nation needed a new frontier to explore and, therefore,
should seek an overseas empire.
e.
The American frontier was just a myth, and the people of the nation own all land communally.
52. Although an important document in American history, Turner’s fifrontier thesis” is in some ways problematic
because it
a.
argued the frontier was an insignificant force for American history and that New England had
defined America since its revolutionary beginnings.
b.
exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of
women, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.
c.
suggested the frontier could endure limitless expansion into Canada, Mexico, and even South
America as transportation technologies improved.
d.
claimed Native Americans did more to shape the frontier than white settlers because the land had
long belonged just to them.
e.
said the American frontier experience was identical to the experiences endured by all developed
nations, including most of those in Europe and Asia.
53. As discontent rose among farmers in both the South and West at the end of the nineteenth
century, many joined what group that claimed to represent them against the political interests
of the North and East?
a.
the Republican party
b.
the American Socialist party
c.
the Greenback party
d.
the Progressive (or fiBull Moose”) party
e.
the People’s (or Populist) party
ESSAY
1. In what ways was the New South finew,” and in what ways was it not?
2. Describe the experiences of women in the New West.
3. How did the development of the New South and the New West affect each other?
4. Compare and contrast the three western frontiers of mining, ranching, and farming.
5. Describe the government’s policy toward Indians. How did this policy develop over the years,
and what were the main factors that influenced its development?
6. Compare how the development of the New West and New South affected the environment of
these respective regions.
7. Compare and contrast the responses of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Ida B.
Wells to the rise of Negrophobia and Jim Crow laws in the United States in the late
nineteenth century.
8. Describe the problems that settlers faced that were, in many ways, unique to the western frontier.
9. So many critical developments shaping politics, economy, and society during the latter part of
the nineteenth century were the products of unintended consequences. Identify two or three
examples of unintended consequences and why they are important to understanding the
history of this period.
10. What was the African American experience during the latter part of the nineteenth century?
How did that experience vary depending on the region?
MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
a.
was the editor of the Atlanta Constitution whose vision celebrated the redeemers
b.
led his people on a 1,300 mile march toward Canada, fleeing federal troops
c.
was the Supreme Court justice who dissented in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision
d.
initiated the Ghost Dance movement by sharing the content of visions he had experienced while ill
e.
urged Congress to adopt more-progressive policies toward Native Americans but met major
challenges
f.
was a historian whose view of the frontier gripped the popular imagination in the nineteenth
century
g.
led the massacre of Native Americans at Sand Creek and resigned from the militia to avoid a
military trial
h.
led a crusade against lynching and was one of the most outspoken African American activists
i.
was a Cheyenne chief whose surrender at Sand Creek was ignored by Colorado militiamen
1. J. M. Chivington
2. Wovoka
3. Ida B. Wells
4. Henry Grady
5. Black Kettle
6. Chief Joseph
7. Ulysses S. Grant
8. John Marshall Harlan
9. Frederick Jackson Turner