CHAPTER 16
The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
TRUE/FALSE
1. The South emerged from the Civil War with a strong, diversified economy.
2. Reconstruction of former Confederate states only began after the war.
3. Radical Republicans wanted to drastically change southern society by recognizing the equality
of former slaves.
4. The Wade-Davis Bill was much more severe than Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan.
5. The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first federal experiment in providing assistance directly to
people rather than to states.
6. Although it was a spectacle, the effort to remove Johnson from the presidency ultimately
strengthened public support for Congressional Reconstruction.
7. African Americans were active agents in affecting the course of Reconstruction.
8. After emancipation, most freed slaves fled the South.
9. The most popular religious denomination among blacks in the postwar South was Baptist.
10. Southern Democrats embraced the Scalawags and propped them up in important
governmental positions.
11. The Ku Klux Klan started out as a social club but came to engage in horrible violence against
African Americans such as burning schools and churches.
12. The Union League mobilized African American voters to such an extent that black men were
able to win elected offices in former Confederate states for the first time.
13. Democrats generally favored “sound” or “hard” monetary policies.
14. The rulings during the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) expanded U.S. citizenship so that it
applied to more minority groups.
15. Waving “the bloody shirt” meant referring to the Civil War and the southern rebellion in order
to discredit political opponents.
16. The Compromise of 1877 showed that some Republicans and southern Democrats were
willing to come together in making a private deal to meet their own political ends.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What impact did emancipation have on the South?
a.
It ended cotton cultivation throughout the region.
b.
It left the South’s agricultural economy in disarray.
c.
It resulted in the immediate rebound of tobacco production.
d.
It eliminated racial prejudice in many states.
e.
It encouraged reconciliation with the North.
2. Which of the following was part of Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction?
a.
Even before the war ended, army generals would play barely any role in the governance of
conquered Confederate areas as a means of regaining the Confederates’ trust.
b.
Congress, rather than the president, would supervise Reconstruction because this would help
replace the white, Democratic planter elite with a generation of small farmers.
c.
Northern state governments would oversee Reconstruction, and 10 percent of elected officials in a
state had to be African Americans in order for the Union to officially recognize them as states.
d.
The presidency would direct Reconstruction, and 10 percent of the 1860 voters had to take an oath
of allegiance to the Union in order for former Confederate states to re-create a Union government.
e.
Although almost all Confederates in general would be put on trial and, in many cases, sent to
prison, the government agreed to issue pardons to senior officers of the Confederate army.
3. Why did congressional Republicans write the Wade-Davis Manifesto?
a.
to proclaim their strong support of President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies
b.
to warn the South of a second Civil War if it did not grant full civil rights to the freedmen
c.
to protest Lincoln’s veto of the Wade-Davis Bill and accuse Lincoln of exceeding his constitutional
authority
d.
to express their opinion that the South deserved lenient terms to rejoin the Union
e.
to accuse England and other European countries of meddling in the Civil War to benefit their own
interests
4. Which of the following was a task of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
a.
resettling most formerly enslaved African Americans in northern states, as emancipation was not
officially legal in the South
b.
prosecuting former Confederate leaders for war crimes as well as their efforts to perpetuate the
system of slavery
c.
providing formerly enslaved African Americans with food, clothing, and legal assistance and
setting up schools
d.
arming formerly enslaved African Americans as a means of protection amid the violence of the
postwar South
e.
protesting emancipation and fighting to limit the definition of who was legally free by taking the
matter to the Supreme Court
5. What did Major Martin Delaney believe to be MOST important for freedmen to possess if
they wanted to avoid becoming slaves again?
a.
education, so as to be qualified for the same types of jobs as white men
b.
voting rights, so as to have the ability to elect anti-slavery leaders in the South
c.
health, so as to have the energy necessary to combat day–to-day racial prejudice
d.
land, so as to become economically self-reliant as farmers
e.
civil equality, so as to open the possibility for better opportunities in the long term
6. In addition to resulting in the president’s death, how did Lincoln’s assassination prove significant?
a.
It had been in response to Lincoln’s passionate calls for a vengeful peace, and to honor his wishes,
his supporters resolved to do everything in their power to violently retaliate against the South.
b.
It caused northerners to overwhelmingly reject the message of the Radical Republicans and to
throw their support behind the conservative Republicans in large numbers.
c.
It ensured that economic policies designed to spur industrial development across the country would
immediately go into effect in the weeks following Lincoln’s death.
d.
It went largely unrecognized by much of the country because Americans were still distracted by the
carnage of war, so Johnson went on to pursue only policies identical to Lincoln’s.
e.
It resulted in an immense outpouring of grief across the country but decreased the possibility of a
lenient federal Reconstruction of the Confederacy like Lincoln had envisioned.
7. Why was Johnson picked as Lincoln’s running mate in 1864?
a.
They were both lifelong Republicans.
b.
They held remarkably identical political positions.
c.
They agreed on the need for strict terms to readmit southern states into the Union.
d.
As a gesture of unity, they combined to create a National Union ticket.
e.
Johnson and Lincoln had already served together in the Illinois state government.
8. Which of the following statements accurately describes the politics of Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson?
a.
He was a pro-Union southerner who believed in a small federal government and, at least early on in
his presidency, in squashing the southern elite in the name of democracy.
b.
He genuinely supported racial equality and took Lincoln’s lead in actively seeking to make Native
American rights a part of his legacy as president as well.
c.
He initially sought to advance the interests of southern planters, wishing for them to have
unprecedented power in the Union, but eventually changed his mind.
d.
He was Lincoln’s equal in political skill and consistently refused to pardon Confederates, even if it
meant that in doing so he might lose political support.
e.
He believed the federal government should be as active as possible, especially in economic policies
regarding industrial development.
9. Johnson’s Proclamation of Amnesty excluded
a.
everybody with taxable property above a certain amount.
b.
the freedmen.
c.
the small farmers.
d.
the British.
e.
northern industrialists.
10. Which of the following statements about Johnson’s Reconstruction plan is accurate?
a.
It completely rejected Lincoln’s, for there was nothing remotely lenient about it.
b.
It mandated the appointment of a provisional Unionist governor in each southern state.
c.
It gave the vote to all African American men and involved asking them what they needed.
d.
It allowed southern state governments to ignore the Thirteenth Amendment.
e.
It was consistent with the disdain he had previously shown toward white planters.
11. By the fall of 1865, how did many freedmen respond to the all-white state conventions
organized under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan?
a.
organizing freedmen’s conventions in state capitals to call for certain rights
b.
fleeing the South and heading to northern cities such as Chicago and New York
c.
accepting that the South would remain in the hands of former Confederates
d.
calling for a separate state for all African Americans because coexistence was unfathomable
e.
resorting to vigilant violence in an attempt to combat the return of slavery by another name
12. When, in late 1865, the former Confederate states were permitted once again to elect
members of Congress, whom did they elect?
a.
a mix of freedmen and carpetbaggers
b.
former Confederate leaders
c.
the first women members of Congress
d.
Union military men who had been raised in the South
e.
fictitious characters as protest write-in votes
13. The “black codes” enacted by southern legislatures
a.
were accepted by Congress at the national level.
b.
showed the South’s spirit of reconciliation.
c.
were part of an effort to restore white supremacy.
d.
proved the success of Johnson’s Reconstruction plan.
e.
prevented African Americans from marrying one another.
14. Why did the Radical-led Congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
a.
It was a response to the black codes and the neo-slavery system created by unrepentant southern
legislatures.
b.
It was to foster national reconciliation and genuine feelings of patriotism among all Americans.
c.
It was part of a plan to ease the requirements on the readmission of southern states to the Union.
d.
It enjoyed the support of President Johnson and would finally grant Native Americans equal rights.
e.
It would convince the southern states to rejoin the Union by clarifying the rights of their citizens.
15. President Johnson fully broke with Congress in 1866 when he
a.
made a drunken appearance in public.
b.
spoke in favor of the black codes.
c.
released Jefferson Davis from prison.
d.
vetoed the Civil Rights Act.
e.
addressed the Radicals in profane language.
16. What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?
a.
It ended slavery across the entire United States.
b.
It guaranteed women the right to vote nationally.
c.
It forbid denying the vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
d.
It guaranteed citizenship to freemen as well as immigrant children born in the United States.
e.
It established Congress’s right to create an income tax.
17. Which of the following is true of the 1866 congressional elections during Johnson’s presidency?
a.
They showed public approval of Johnson’s policies.
b.
They gave Republicans veto-proof majorities.
c.
They encouraged the South to be even more defiant.
d.
They were the first in which blacks could vote.
e.
They reduced the influence of the Radicals.
18. What was the significance of the Military Reconstruction Act?
a.
It was overturned by the Supreme Court and showed Congress’s waning support.
b.
It showed the decline of Radical power and the growing authority of the executive branch.
c.
It required new state constitutions and established military districts in the South.
d.
It removed federal troops from the South and gave southerners more say over Reconstruction.
e.
It wiped out the black codes and gave African Americans a prominent place in the army.
19. In a decision that would result in talk of his impeachment, Johnson violated the Tenure of
Office Act by
a.
abolishing new governments “in the Rebel states.”
b.
naming his brother to serve as a federal judge.
c.
firing his vice president due to his beliefs on slavery.
d.
trying to remove one of his cabinet members without Senate permission.
e.
failing to deliver the State of the Union address in 1866.
20. What were the motivations behind Andrew Johnson’s impeachment?
a.
The vast majority of the Senate had long disagreed with Johnson’s hiring policies and tricked him
into an action that would result in his immediate removal from office.
b.
Johnson’s own political party turned on him because he had let so much legislation pass through
without trying to hinder the Republicans.
c.
Democrats were angered that Johnson had acted far too harshly toward the southern leaders and
managed to use their power to secure hard evidence against him.
d.
The planter elite blamed Johnson for his role in helping to start the Civil War in the first place and
had long tried to see to it that he be punished.
e.
Radical Republicans were upset with Johnson because of his continued obstruction of their growing
efforts at Congressional Reconstruction.
21. Which of the following is true of the Fifteenth Amendment?
a.
Radical Republicans in Congress opposed it.
b.
It protected the right of Americans to vote regardless of color or race.
c.
It protected the right of Americans to vote regardless of sex.
d.
It formally ended the institution of slavery.
e.
It guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens.
22. Why did service in the Union army or navy benefit many freedmen?
a.
It offered training on how to kill former Confederates, as they believed the war would resume.
b.
It instilled a respect for the former Confederacy that made it easier to accept discrimination.
c.
It opened a secret supply of weapons for planned rebellions, which grew in frequency.
d.
It provided training in leadership and awareness of opportunities in economic advancement.
e.
It offered a quicker avenue to true racial equality within the ranks of the military.
23. During Reconstruction, African Americans
a.
passively awaited developments.
d.
terrorized their former masters.
b.
attempted to establish schools.
e.
refused to work for wages.
c.
normally joined integrated churches.
24. Which of the following is true about African American involvement in the political arena
during Reconstruction?
a.
Most southern states had black majorities in their state legislatures.
b.
Because slavery was still so prominent, black political rights were practically nonexistent.
c.
The most common form of black political participation was voting in elections.
d.
Most black voters registered as Democrats before 1870.
e.
No freedmen were able to vote before the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.
25. Most carpetbaggers were
a.
corrupt and greedy southerners.
d.
Union veterans.
b.
illiterate laborers.
e.
former Confederates.
c.
wealthy business owners.
26. Most scalawags were white southerners who had
a.
owned slaves.
d.
joined the Democratic party.
b.
served in the Union army.
e.
opposed secession.
c.
changed their minds about race relations.
27. Many former Confederates resented the new state constitutions imposed by Radical
Republicans because
a.
all former Confederates were denied the right to vote.
b.
their provisions allowed for black voting rights.
c.
former Confederates were uniformly banned from holding any public office.
d.
their provisions granted universal female suffrage.
e.
state governments were dismantled and replaced by direct federal administration.
28. One legacy of Republican state governments in the South after 1877 was
a.
the construction of railroads, roads, and bridges.
b.
lower taxes and laws prohibiting awarding money to corporations.
c.
continued federal protection for black voting rights.
d.
the immediate elimination of new constitutions they created.
e.
government reform that eliminated corruption and sharecropping.
29. In South Carolina, the fact that lower-class whites enjoyed unprecedented political power
under Radical Republican rule
a.
generated unexpected support for Radical Reconstruction among southern white elites.
b.
resulted in a rebellion that overthrew the reconstructed South Carolina state government.
c.
enabled the state legislature to reinstitute legal slavery.
d.
helped keep corruption from becoming a problem in the state government.
e.
led many former Confederate leaders to oppose the Radical state legislature.
30. Which of the following was a reason why Ulysses S. Grant was elected to the presidency?
a.
He gained the vote of white southerners because so few black southerners supported him and his
political platform.
b.
His appeal transcended party because he campaigned on ending Congressional Reconstruction in
favor of state-led initiatives.
c.
Despite little political experience, his message of enforcing laws and prosperity for all resonated
with Americans who longed for peace.
d.
Despite his prior affiliation with the Republican party, he split the Republican vote by campaigning
on issues that earned him the support of Democrats.
e.
He continued to maintain a long-term, close friendship with Johnson, who most of the public
believed had been wrongfully impeached.
31. The main purpose of the Union League was to
a.
organize groups of Republicans in the South.
b.
terrorize ex-Confederates.
c.
acquire land for Union veterans.
d.
defy Radical Reconstruction.
e.
organize black laborers for higher wages.
32. President Grant’s attitude toward Native Americans is best described as
a.
generous because Grant favored paying native tribes reparations to help them reestablish
themselves on new lands away from white settlers.
b.
nonexistent because Grant was so focused on Reconstruction that he paid little attention to Indian
policy and failed to make the group any promises.
c.
aggressive because Grant believed it would be necessary to destroy Native American communities
and use violence to pacify the West.
d.
ignorant because Grant believed that tensions between Native American and western settlers would
be resolved without government action.
e.
progressive because Grant believed that the best policy was one of conciliation and that the root of
the problem was actually “bad whites.”
33. Jay Gould and James Fisk triggered a scandal with their scheme to
a.
embezzle public funds.
d.
sell damaged goods to the Indians.
b.
create a railroad monopoly.
e.
bribe members of Congress.
c.
corner the gold market.
34. The Liberal Republicans
a.
supported Grant.
d.
were a faction of southern ex-Whigs.
b.
unified the Republican party.
e.
opposed Grant.
c.
backed Radical Reconstruction.
35. Which of the following was true of advocates of “soft–money,” or paper, currency?
a.
They tended to be merchants and bankers.
b.
They saw economic benefits in price inflation.
c.
They urged the elimination of greenbacks.
d.
They dominated the Grant administration.
e.
They wanted to cancel the national debt.
36. “Hard–money” advocates argued that government war bonds should be
a.
paid off in gold.
d.
canceled.
b.
paid off in copper.
e.
handed out to Union veterans.
c.
paid off in greenbacks.
37. What was the state of the economy during Grant’s second term, and why was this significant?
a.
The economy experienced a mild panic, but Grant quickly set it back on track, which helped his
standing within the Republican party, guaranteed him the nomination in the upcoming election, and
made Reconstruction appear more likely to succeed.
b.
The economy stayed relatively similar to that of the Civil War because Grant refused to eliminate
war bonds out of fear that it would have detrimental effects on an already-fragile southern
infrastructure, and as a result, many southern politicians began to support him.
c.
A severe depression resulted from Grant’s efforts to withdraw greenbacks, or paper money, from
circulation after the war, which intensified the debate over soft-money versus hard-money currency
and helped enable Democrats to overtake the Republicans in the congressional elections.
d.
The northern and southern economies became exceedingly integrated as industrialization spread
throughout the South, and as a result, southern farmers began to take steps to bring about deflation
as a means of returning to their old way of life.
e.
The economy flourished under Grant because he had the foresight to introduce greenbacks into
circulation for the first time, and as a result, politicians were more willing to consider and
implement his policies regarding protections for African Americans.
38. The primary objective of the Ku Klux Klan was
a.
national unity.
b.
upholding southern honor.
c.
starting a new civil war.
d.
oppressing blacks and white Republicans.
e.
raising money for Confederate widows.
39. By the time President Grant took office, southern resistance to Reconstruction efforts had
a.
dissipated, as southerners began to get used to the new normal.
b.
led to a withdrawal of federal financial support in the South.
c.
increased and turned violent with the rise of white supremacy.
d.
taken on a peaceful approach thanks to strict enforcement measures.
e.
renewed the second phase of the Civil War.
40. How did President Grant respond to the Ku Klux Klan?
a.
He did nothing to attempt to stop the Ku Klux Klan because he saw it as the duty of the southern
state legislatures and did not want to be seen as interfering, especially with his hopes of being
elected to a second presidential term.
b.
He had been a slave owner himself previously, and because he was worried he would lose support
if anyone found out about this part of his past, he left it to Congress to give a public reaction to
events initiated by the Ku Klux Klan.
c.
He eradicated the Ku Klux Klan in the South by giving the Klansmen incentives to profit from
industries separate from those that had traditionally demanded the use of slave labor, such as cotton
and tobacco cultivation.
d.
He urged Republicans to pass three Enforcement Acts, which, although intended to protect black
rights and punish those who threatened them, were not consistently enforced, allowing the violent
efforts of southern whites to end Reconstruction to intensify.
e.
He took a middle-of-the-road approach by refusing to renounce the Ku Klux Klan publicly but, at
the same time, working closely himself with local law enforcement to successfully squash the
Klan’s activities and meetings.
41. The events in Colfax, Louisiana, on Easter Sunday in 1873 are evidence of the
a.
success of Reconstruction policies in achieving a biracial democracy in the South.
b.
willingness of ex-Confederates and Klansmen to murder blacks.
c.
support Grant had enjoyed in the Election of 1872 among southern Republicans.
d.
economic consequences of “soft–money” policies in the South.
e.
strength of the Union Leagues in Louisiana to rally support for black office holders.
42. How did “redeemer” Conservative Democrats come to power in the South during the 1870s?
a.
by forming a close coalition with northern Democrats
b.
by adopting a pro-Republican position that favored Reconstruction policies
c.
by using the race issue to excite the white electorate and threaten black voters
d.
through fair and free elections ensured by federal troops
e.
with the support of the black vote after redeemers promised to protect black suffrage
43. What did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Cruikshank (1876)?
a.
Business monopolies did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment because they were an essential
component of the economy.
b.
African Americans were not citizens because the founding fathers had not envisioned them as
equals to white Americans.
c.
The equal protection and due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to
states, not to individuals.
d.
Women were not included in the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment, even though the language
of the amendment had not specified either way.
e.
The Ku Klux Klan Act was unconstitutional because it singled out a specific group of Americans in
its restrictions.
44. Why didn’t President Grant seek a third term in 1876?
a.
He was restricted by the Constitution to two terms.
b.
A former Confederate soldier assassinated him.
c.
He felt he was too old and had achieved as much as could be expected of any president.
d.
He acknowledged that many Republicans had lost confidence in his leadership.
e.
The public became aware of his alcoholism.
45. When the votes were first counted in the 1876 presidential election,
a.
no candidate had an electoral college majority.
b.
Hayes led Tilden in popular votes.
c.
it was clear that a clean election had occurred.
d.
the Democrats immediately conceded defeat.
e.
the Supreme Court ordered a new election.
46. Why was the Compromise of 1877 significant?
a.
It gave the White House to Tilden, which guaranteed that Democrats would once again have the
executive power of the presidency.
b.
It ended the North–South division in that it created a labor system through which many southerners
would migrate to the North and vice versa.
c.
It protected the civil rights of ex-slaves by calling for the thorough enforcement of laws against
voter suppression.
d.
It brought about the end of Reconstruction through the promise that federal troops would be
removed from the Deep South.
e.
It increased the role of the federal government in the South by establishing five additional military
districts.
47. What was the “Lost Cause”?
a.
It was a term that referred to southerners’ sense of embarrassment following the Civil War that they
had ever engaged in and fought for a practice as terrible as slavery.
b.
It was a common phrase used by African Americans to describe their frustrations with
Reconstruction and belief that life had been better before the war because they had more security.
c.
It was a narrative that described the widespread belief among northerners that Reconstruction had
been a waste of time and had resulted in few advances in terms of African American rights.
d.
It was a concept shared among northerners and southerners that whether they liked it or not, their
prior way of life would be lost forever as they set aside their differences in favor of an integrated
nation.
e.
It was a sanitized version of history in the South that glamorized the old plantation culture and
claimed that the Civil War concerned the honorable defense of states’ rights rather than slavery.
48. What happened after the end of Reconstruction?
a.
The freedmen remained a powerful force in southern politics and made Reconstruction a successful
experiment in interracial democracy.
b.
Women filled the power vacuum that Reconstruction had created and soon held positions of
political power in city legislatures.
c.
The South embarked on a path toward rapid industrial development as it fought to compete with the
North again economically.
d.
The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and
unfavorable Supreme Court decisions.
e.
The majority of blacks migrated out of the South because conditions were so difficult in the wake
of the war.
49. Which of the following statements accurately describes attitudes freed slaves held toward the Yankees at the
beginning of Reconstruction versus after the end of it?
a.
Whereas freed slaves had little trust or hope when it came to the goodwill of the Yankees at the
beginning of Reconstruction, they were convinced after the end of Reconstruction that the Yankees
would continue to transform their lives for the better.
b.
Whereas freed slaves were still angry with the Yankees at the beginning of Reconstruction because
of the way in which the Civil War had uprooted their lives, they came to adopt the Yankee way of
life as they moved North in large numbers.
c.
Although freed slaves experienced drastic changes in their everyday lives once emancipated, their
views toward the Yankees evolved little over the course of Reconstruction because Yankees had
little to do with those changes.
d.
Although Yankees were quick to take credit for freeing enslaved African Americans at the
beginning of Reconstruction, freed slaves tended to find that southern whites were far more
supportive and responsible for advances in civil rights by the end of Reconstruction.
e.
Whereas freed slaves often thought of the Yankees as their saviors at the beginning of
Reconstruction, some felt let down by the Yankees with the collapse of Reconstruction as they
began to move backward in terms of civil rights.
50. What was the MOST significant enduring legacy of Reconstruction?
a.
the creation of true social equality in the South
b.
the lack of equal rights for blacks even in theory
c.
the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
d.
the redistribution of wealth in the South
e.
the eradication of sectional differences
ESSAY
1. What were the major problems facing the nation in April 1865? What factors stood in the way
of a solution to those problems?
2. Describe the plans for Reconstruction offered by Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and
Congress. What was the goal of each plan? How did each plan propose to accomplish its goal?
3. What problems did blacks in the South face after emancipation? What attempts did the
government make to solve these problems? Which solutions were more successful than
others and why?
4. What were the primary goals of Reconstruction and to what extent was Reconstruction
successful in achieving these goals?
5. Why did Reconstruction end in 1877? Identify the political, economic, and social factors
that contributed to the end of this outcome.
6. Describe the development in the North as a result of the Civil War. What effect did the
absence of southern members of Congress have on the economic and political agenda of
northern Republicans?
7. Discuss the nature of intransigence, or stubbornness, in the South after the Civil War.
How did this intransigence affect moderate Republicans in Congress?
8. Explain the Fourteenth Amendment and how it was received throughout the country.
9. Discuss the impeachment of President Johnson. What was the basis of the charges, and how
did the impeachment end?
10. Describe the reign of white terror during Reconstruction and how Congress reacted to the violence.
MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
a.
was a northern free black and Union soldier who was elected lieutenant governor of Louisiana
b.
was a leading Radical Republican who wanted to replace southern planters with a new generation
of small farmers
c.
was a leader of the women’s rights movement who asked that the Fifteenth Amendment be
modified
d.
was a Union general who was appointed to lead the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865 and helped freed
slaves attain labor contracts
e.
was a black Mississippi native elected to the Senate despite negative reactions from southern whites
f.
was a Union general during the Civil War who was from working-class origins and went on to
serve as president
g.
was a wealthy corporate lawyer who became the Democratic presidential candidate in 1876 and
initially appeared likely to win
h.
was a newspaper editor who went on to oppose Grant in the 1872 presidential election and alienated
northern voters
i.
was the former vice president of the Confederacy elected to the U.S. Senate representing Georgia in
1865
j.
was nearly assassinated the same day as Abraham Lincoln, but his would-be assassin wound up
drunk in a hotel bar
1. Susan B. Anthony
2. Horace Greeley
3. Andrew Johnson
4. Pinckney Pinchback
5. Hiram Revels
6. Oliver O. Howard
7. Alexander Stephens
8. Ulysses S. Grant
9. Thaddeus Stevens
10. Samuel J. Tilden
