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CHAPTER 15
The War of the Union, 1861–1865
TRUE/FALSE
1. Lincoln stressed repeatedly that the “paramount” reason for the war was to save the Union
rather than to take a stand one way or the other on slavery.
2. Whereas the Union saw many of its residents fight for the Confederacy, the Confederacy
benefited from unanimous support.
3. Every state that had legal slavery seceded.
4. The First Battle of Bull Run was a Union defeat.
5. Although conscription occurred during the Civil War, most who fought were volunteers,
with many of them initially expressing feelings of duty and honor.
6. Union forces suffered defeat at Shiloh due to Grant’s heavy drinking.
7. Lincoln replaced McClellan as Union commander because McClellan was overly aggressive.
8. Throughout the war, Lincoln believed that if freed, African Americans and white Americans
could coexist, and he was eager to use his constitutional authority to make that possible.
9. After the battle of Fredericksburg, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
10. The Militia Act of 1862 authorized the Union army to use freed slaves as laborers or soldiers.
11. Congress approved the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, which provided land and funding grants
for the construction of a transcontinental railroad.
12. Congress in 1862 resorted to printing paper money called greenbacks to address the shortfall
in tax revenues.
13. Following the Battle of Gettysburg, Robert E. Lee refused to consider resigning, as the
Confederates had received a boost in morale.
14. William Tecumseh Sherman’s conquest of Atlanta turned the tide of the presidential election
of 1864, ensuring that Lincoln would again take office and that Union armies would continue
to keep pressure on the Rebels.
15. Amid the South’s last stands, Lincoln’s second inaugural address called for vengeance against the Confederacy after
the war was over.
16. At the beginning of the war, the southern economy’s productivity had been double the North’s,
but by the end of the war, they were equal in size.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Why is it an unsatisfactory argument that the Civil War began primarily as a southern fight to
defend liberty and the right of self-government?
a.
The Union already claimed to be fighting to defend liberty and self-government.
b.
Southerners never claimed to be concerned with liberty and self-government.
c.
The form of government the South established after secession was a monarchy.
d.
The Confederacy envisioned a dictatorship as the ideal government.
e.
Slavery was the actual reason southern leaders used to justify secession and war.
2. What was the significance of the state of Kentucky at the start of the war?
a.
As one of the first states to secede, it became a model for most of the other Confederate states in
terms of the composition of its legislature and governorship.
b.
Because it was a neutral, slaveholding state, Lincoln was determined to bring it to the Union side to
make victory more likely and suppressed all talk of abolition.
c.
Although a border state, because the Union had long had a stronger economy, it immediately threw
its support to the North and helped guarantee the North would win.
d.
Due to its initially neutral status during the war, most Native Americans and immigrants moved
there and managed to avoid joining the fray.
e.
As the only Confederate state to have outlawed the system of slavery before the start of the war, it
represented the future to come for the rest of the Confederate states.
3. Which side did German immigrants tend to support during the Civil War and why?
a.
They tended to support the Confederacy because they were eager to join the effort to take control of
the federal arsenal and punish the Union for all the discrimination they had experienced.
b.
They were usually drawn to the Confederacy because they tended to have prior sailing experience
from their time in Europe, and the Confederacy was known for its dominant warships.
c.
They most often supported the Confederacy because although the international slave trade had
ceased years ago in the United States, it had continued full-force in the German states.
d.
They overwhelmingly supported the Union because the Confederacy reminded them of the
suppression of democracy experienced in the German states from which they had fled.
e.
They typically supported the Union because there were barely any other immigrant groups who
participated in the Union army and, thus, they avoided clashing with other groups.
4. At the beginning of the Civil War, what was true of the North?
a.
It generated less farm production than the South.
b.
It had about the same extent of railroad development as the South.
c.
It produced only a small percentage of the nation’s manufactures.
d.
It had an edge of significantly more potential manpower.
e.
It had fewer ships and firearms than the South.
5. What effect did the Union naval blockade of southern ports have on the Confederacy?
a.
Much to the surprise of the North, it did not have much effect, since most foreign imports were still
coming into the South.
b.
It quickly choked off southern commercial activity, including the flow of goods and military
weapons to and from Europe.
c.
It inspired dramatic southern economic growth since the South was forced to become self-
sufficient.
d.
It succeeded in terms of harming coastal cities, but the Mississippi River had so few tributaries that
other trade routes were not in danger.
e.
It prompted Britain to offer diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy because it was so afraid of
potential economic repercussions.
6. The South had a chance to win the Civil War despite substantial northern advantages because
a.
it immediately attacked Washington, D.C., before the North could react.
b.
it mobilized women to fight in the conflict to match up to the North in numbers.
c.
it was equal to the North in manpower due to the number of enslaved soldiers.
d.
the North needed southern markets to maintain its economic advantage.
e.
it had the emotional and geographic advantage of fighting a defensive war.
7. Which of the following statements accurately describes the main goal of each side as
the war started?
a.
Whereas the Confederacy passionately argued and fought to maintain the institution of slavery, the
United States focused on curbing the future of slavery as the primary basis of the war.
b.
Whereas the Confederacy was certain the war would be short and, thus, did not have real goals
going in, the Union had defined goals to eliminate slavery out of certainty it would be a long fight.
c.
Whereas the Confederacy sought to prove itself in such a way that the United States and other
countries would recognize its independence, the United States sought to restore the Union.
d.
Whereas the Confederacy fought to expand slavery in the West but substantially decrease it in the
South, the United States fought to limit slavery entirely to the South going forward.
e.
Whereas the Confederacy sought to use the war to assert its status as the leading region
economically, the United States sought to use it as a stimulus to boost its declining economy.
8. Which of the following generals famously obtained a nickname for “standing like a stone wall”
during the First Battle of Bull Run and would go on to become the most celebrated and feared
Confederate general?
a.
General Thomas Jackson
d.
General Albert S. Johnston
b.
General John Brown
e.
General Ulysses S. Grant
c.
General Robert E. Lee
9. What was one of the reasons why the First Battle of Bull Run was significant?
a.
Although the North ultimately won the battle, it pushed the North to allocate more resources to the
war because the Confederate forces were surprisingly organized, fierce, and resilient.
b.
As it was a terrible Union loss, it showed that Lincoln’s gravest weakness was his proud inability to
acknowledge his mistakes and the speed with which he fell into despair in the face of conflict.
c.
As one of the later battles of the war, it showed how the Confederacy had failed at its early plan
after its initial battles to make the war as short and decisive as possible.
d.
It caused both sides to realize that they were not willing to fight a real war, and as a result, the war
ceased for nearly a year before Davis and Lincoln finally decided that there was no way around it.
e.
It was a sobering experience for both the North and the South because they underestimated one
another’s strength, and it became clear the war would not be decided right away as many thought.
10. To what does the “Anaconda” Plan refer?
a.
It was the name of the South’s strategy to choke northern industry by expanding its own industry to
unprecedented levels.
b.
It was a strategy of passive resistance among slaves to strangle the southern plantation economy
from within.
c.
It was the name of Britain’s strategy to get the two sides to slither to the negotiating table and
achieve a lasting peace.
d.
It was the initial three-pronged Union strategy that included, among other things, a blockade of the
southern coast to strangle the South.
e.
It proposed to use biological warfare against the South developed from the poisonous venom of
snakes.
11. What did the “Anaconda” Plan’s main offensive aspect involve?
a.
the building of railroads into the heart of the South by Union soldiers who had experience in the rail
industry
b.
a partnership between the South and the British Royal Navy to blockade the North in an effort to
starve it into surrender
c.
the abandonment of Washington, D.C., by Union forces so as to allocate greater attention,
manpower, and resources in the Deep South
d.
the use of the major river systems of the South by invading Union forces as a means of slowly
trapping the southern resistance
e.
the uprising of enslaved African Americans through the help of undercover free blacks from the
North pretending to be slaves
12. Much of Confederate leaders’ diplomatic efforts were aimed at ________ because ________.
a.
Britain; they wrongly assumed Britain would need to continue importing their cotton
b.
India; the Indian agricultural system was similar to the South’s and could ease wartime shortages
c.
South America; their long-term European allies had all sided with the Union
d.
Spain; they sympathized with similar Spanish efforts to maintain the system of slavery
e.
France; they correctly foresaw that France would always want to do the opposite of Britain
13. Which of the following statements about conscription during the Civil War is accurate?
a.
Because the South had a much larger male population than the North did, only the Union had to
resort to instituting conscription laws.
b.
Whereas the North had such a surge of volunteers to fight against slavery that conscription was out
of the question, the South needed to institute a draft due to its often-unpopular cause.
c.
In both the North and South, conscription was met with widespread resentment and downright
refusal, as some draftees who had the means sought out loopholes.
d.
Both sides had conscription but differed in that few draftees in the South minded these laws
because most of the Confederate army was immigrants who saw the war as an opportunity.
e.
Poor men in both the North and South were best equipped to attain exemptions to conscription laws
because they had the excuse that they could not afford to leave their regular jobs.
14. Why was Lyons Wakeman a significant figure during the Civil War?
a.
Wakeman became the leading farmer during the Civil War who made sure that soldiers were well
fed even as supplies decreased.
b.
Wakeman became a leading Confederate general who inspired most of Lee’s most famous
strategies.
c.
Wakeman was Lincoln’s close adviser who convinced him to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
at the end of the war.
d.
Wakeman, like hundreds of soldiers on both sides, was a woman who disguised her gender to serve
in the war.
e.
Wakeman was a famous nurse who, although unable to enter the battlefields, helped develop an
important vaccine from a nearby hospital.
15. Which of the following statements accurately describes the positions of everyday Confederates
during the war?
a.
Most Confederates became more and more steadfast in their loyalties as the war went on, no matter
how the army fared.
b.
Many Confederates were driven by the belief that if they lost the war, southern whites would face
their own enslavement.
c.
Unlike northerners, Confederates tended not to need to worry about family divisions during the
war, as all Confederates shared the same cause.
d.
Unlike northerners, few Confederate soldiers deserted the army during the war because they were
paid far better.
e.
Like northerners, few Confederate soldiers engaged in any kind of training and relied on what they
had read in books.
16. Which of the following statements accurately describes the response of increasing numbers
of enslaved African Americans in the South as the Civil War dragged on?
a.
They volunteered almost exclusively to fight for the Confederacy out of fear of punishment by
slave owners.
b.
Almost all of them remained neutral in the conflict because the likelihood of the Confederacy
winning became more and more clear.
c.
Many took advantage of the war’s confusion by running away, fighting, or helping to sabotage the
Confederacy.
d.
Most of them fled to Canada because they had little stake in the war and prized obtaining true
equality as soon as possible.
e.
Most of them traveled west as pioneers during the war because land prices there had become so
cheap.
17. Which of the following characterized the events along the Kansas-Missouri border during
the Civil War?
a.
the establishment of protected lands where Native Americans could go to ride out the war and live
peacefully
b.
the transformation of the conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the 1850s into
brutal guerrilla warfare
c.
the development of the region into a safe haven for African Americans and immigrants who wanted
to avoid the fray of the war
d.
mild scuffles limited to the Confederacy and Native Americans as they competed over resources
that could be used during the war
e.
a series of terrible Union losses under the leadership of General Grant that almost led Lincoln to
remove him from the army
18. Which of the following statements accurately describes the activity of Native American tribes
during the Civil War?
a.
A primary motivation behind the Civil War in general was the return of land to Native American
tribes, such as the Wampanoag, as they sought to regain their territory in Massachusetts.
b.
Thousands of Native Americans fought on either side, including some who supported the
Confederates because they, too, had enslaved African Americans.
c.
Very few Native American nations joined the fight on either side, as they had already suffered
greatly from previous conflicts with white settlers and saw no potential gains from joining the fight.
d.
Native American tribes, such as the Huron, only supported the Union side as they sought help in
fighting the British to get revenge for previous offenses.
e.
Native American tribes occasionally joined the war in support of the Union but remained
uninfluenced by regional ties to the South due to widespread opposition to slavery.
19. Why is the battle at Fort Donelson significant?
a.
It was the site of a major battle east of the Appalachian Mountains, where most militarily
significant early battles took place.
b.
It was an important Union fortification on the Great Lakes that caused the Civil War to extend all
the way into Canada.
c.
It ensured that Kentucky would fall to the Confederacy and would begin to institute the system of
slavery as part of its new economy.
d.
It was the site of one of the first major Union victories, as the most important early battles in the
war had happened in the West.
e.
It guaranteed that the Confederacy would maintain full control of its river system, including the
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.
20. What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?
a.
The Union won a great naval victory that proved to be a terrible setback to the southern economy,
giving the Union control of many cotton plantations and liberating tens of thousands of slaves.
b.
A Union victory after sending reinforcements to fight General Braxton Bragg’s army helped secure
Union control of Kentucky for the rest of the war.
c.
The Union made a remarkable comeback under Grant’s leadership after seeming defeat, but it was
the costliest battle Americans had engaged in up to that point.
d.
A major Confederate victory ensured that the South would take control of the area east of the
Appalachians and that war would now turn to fighting in the West.
e.
The Confederates tried out new military tactics that resulted in the lowest number of casualties in
any Civil War battle so far.
21. What was the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans?
a.
The Union won a great naval victory that proved to be a terrible setback to the southern economy,
giving the Union control of many cotton plantations and liberating tens of thousands of slaves.
b.
A Union victory after sending reinforcements to fight General Braxton Bragg’s army helped secure
Union control of Kentucky for the rest of the war.
c.
The Union made a remarkable comeback under Grant’s leadership after seeming defeat, but it was
the costliest battle Americans had engaged in up to that point.
d.
A major Confederate victory ensured that the South would take control of the area east of the
Appalachians and that war would now turn to fighting in the West.
e.
The Confederates tried out new military tactics that resulted in the lowest number of casualties in
any Civil War battle so far.
22. What was the outcome of the Battle of Perryville?
a.
The Union won a great naval victory that proved to be a terrible setback to the southern economy,
giving the Union control of many cotton plantations and liberating tens of thousands of slaves.
b.
A Union victory after sending reinforcements to fight General Braxton Bragg’s army helped secure
Union control of Kentucky for the rest of the war.
c.
The Union made a remarkable comeback under Grant’s leadership after seeming defeat, but it was
the costliest battle Americans had engaged in up to that point.
d.
A major Confederate victory ensured that the South would take control of the area east of the
Appalachians and that war would now turn to fighting in the West.
e.
The Confederates tried out new military tactics that resulted in the lowest number of casualties in
any Civil War battle so far.
23. What was the Peninsular Campaign?
a.
Bragg’s tactic of pushing Union forces westward toward the Mississippi River, where Confederates
would be better equipped to defeat them once and for all
b.
Scott’s three-pronged strategy to impose a blockade on southern ports and slowly crush
Confederate resistance on all fronts
c.
Douglass’s movement to build confidence in African American soldiers and help motivate them to
fight for the promises of a Union victory
d.
Lee’s efforts to influence elections in the North by achieving a successful northern invasion that
would inspire Europeans to send his troops supplies
e.
McClellan’s unsuccessful plan to re-initiate substantial fighting in the East by moving the Union
army toward the mouth of the James River in Virginia
24. Who emerged from the Second Battle of Bull Run as a standout general?
a.
John Pope
d.
Don Carlos Buell
b.
Robert E. Lee
e.
P. G. T. Beauregard
c.
George B. McClellan
25. Who or what were known as contrabands during the Civil War?
a.
Confederate goods that smugglers snuck through the Union blockade in an elaborate attempt to
profit off the war and bring money back into the South
b.
groups of immigrants who had initially ventured west but returned to the South in large numbers
because of the promise of being paid to join the army
c.
thousands of slaves who showed up in Union army camps and sought protection and freedom as the
war expanded, thereby helping push the issue of emancipation
d.
Native American soldiers who fought for the Union in return for large swaths of land and who often
served as spies in the South
e.
military weapons imported to the South from Europe before Britain and France went on to
officially form an alliance with the Confederacy
26. What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
a.
It convinced Lincoln to avoid talking about the possibility of ending slavery and instead portray the
war as an effort to save the Union.
b.
It greatly delayed anything resembling the Emancipation Proclamation, for free black soldiers had
cost the Union the battle.
c.
It was the least bloody of the Civil War battles, suggesting that the war had lost the support of many
soldiers.
d.
It was a turning point in that it revived northern morale and ended the Confederacy’s hopes of
gaining foreign alliances with Britain and France.
e.
It led Lee to successfully capture Maryland and make it a key part of the Confederacy, as it was so
much closer to the heart of the North.
27. Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation?
a.
It called for a slave uprising and guaranteed the freedom of slaves in the border states.
b.
As commander in chief, Lincoln justified it by describing it as a military necessity.
c.
It hurt U.S. relations with Britain and France because they still supported slavery.
d.
It immediately freed all enslaved African Americans in the South.
e.
It was based on ideas of racial equality and reflected Lincoln’s views on the morality of slavery.
28. Slavery was ultimately eradicated by
a.
the Emancipation Proclamation.
d.
a postwar treaty.
b.
Lee’s surrender.
e.
a second, briefer war.
c.
the Thirteenth Amendment.
29. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the nature of the Civil War?
a.
It freed all the slaves, including those in the border states that remained loyal
to the Union.
b.
It put the momentum squarely on the side of the Confederacy.
c.
It prompted the Confederacy to surrender, as its reason for fighting had been taken away.
d.
It caused the remaining border states to leave the Union and join the Confederacy.
e.
It transformed the Civil War from a war to restore the Union to a struggle over slavery.
30. What was the state of the Civil War at the end of 1862?
a.
Union troops had a definite edge in the East.
b.
Union troops had a definite edge in the West.
c.
A quick end to the war seemed near.
d.
The war in the East was a virtual deadlock.
e.
The recruitment of black troops had given the North a huge advantage.
31. What was the cause of the New York City draft riots in 1863?
a.
Northerners were angry regarding the first conscription laws instated by the Union during the war,
arguing that the South had no such policies.
b.
Following the Emancipation Proclamation, northern laborers were worried that freed slaves would
eventually move north, resulting in job competition.
c.
The freeing of formerly enslaved African Americans gave white northerners the confidence to seek
greater protections for African Americans and protest their inclusion in the draft.
d.
Northerners were outraged that the desperate state of the Union army had resulted in women being
included in the draft.
e.
Since the Confederacy had gained control of New York City, northerners were protesting having
come under southern rule and being forced to participate in the Confederate draft.
32. Which of the following statements about African Americans army units in the Union is accurate?
a.
Despite lower pay than whites, they saw significant action and suffered heavy losses.
b.
They did little fighting due to discrimination, and few benefited from the experience.
c.
Although given the title of soldiers, they were only allowed to do manual labor.
d.
They were most commonly formed in border states, as they showed less discrimination.
e.
Far fewer were recruited after than before the Emancipation Proclamation.
33. Which of the following statements accurately describes experiences of women during the Civil War?
a.
Because they required a great deal of schooling, professions such as nursing remained limited to
men.
b.
Confederate women experienced less power, as men increasingly dominated all southern towns in
number.
c.
Women focused solely on the home because they were forbidden from becoming camp followers.
d.
For many American women, the Civil War loosened traditional restraints on female activity.
e.
Many women were awarded the Medal of Honor for their brave service in the military.
34. Which of the following did the Union Congress accomplish during the Civil War?
a.
a comprehensive ban on foreign immigration, especially from Ireland and other countries that
tended to fight for the Confederacy
b.
a law that required western settlers to move back East to support the war effort by working in
factories
c.
the approval of the transcontinental railroad and the raising of tariff rates to encourage economic
development
d.
a major decrease in income taxes to cut down on the widespread poverty of wartime and bolster
individual families
e.
a refusal to support general “agriculture and mechanic arts” in favor of focusing strictly on
revamping the cotton industry in the North
35. The Homestead Act and Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 were both examples of the
federal government promoting economic growth through
a.
foreign loans in preparation for the need to rebuild the South after the war.
b.
the printing of gold money to fund free education for African Americans.
c.
gifts of free land in exchange for something, such as work or the creation of public universities.
d.
a decreased income tax rate to offset the growing economy of the South.
e.
a decreased tariff rate in response to stronger Confederate-European alliances.
36. The United States Congress passed numerous acts that reflected the economic platform of
which major American political groups?
a.
the Democratic party
b.
the Republicans and the old Whig party
c.
the Federalist party and the Socialist party
d.
the Western Frontier Coalition
e.
the German Immigrants Rights League
37. By late in the war, food in the Confederacy
a.
was imported from England.
b.
remained plentiful.
c.
could not be purchased with paper money.
d.
was outrageously expensive.
e.
was limited to vegetables.
38. Which of the following statements accurately describes the way in which the Confederacy
funded the war?
a.
The Confederacy largely relied on the work of immigrants to continue to fuel southern industry
during wartime, increasing the number of consumer goods for sale.
b.
Because the larger Confederacy did not have its own Congress, efforts to fund the war were left
entirely to the varying legislation of individual state governments.
c.
Because enslaved African Americans on plantations rarely fought as soldiers or managed to escape,
the cotton economy remained strong and helped finance the war effort.
d.
The Confederate Congress issued many taxes, which were poorly enforced, as well as large
amounts of paper money, which caused economic distress due to price increases.
e.
The Confederate Congress relied heavily on British and French foreign aid, as the southern cotton
economy was in such disarray due to the war.
39. To deal with disloyalty, Lincoln resorted to
a.
ordering public executions.
d.
suspending habeas corpus.
b.
postponing elections.
e.
declaring a temporary dictatorship.
c.
shutting down the press.
40. What were Lincoln’s most dangerous political foes, which were strongest in northern states
where many former southerners resided, known as?
a.
Diamondbacks
d.
Copperheads
b.
Radical Republicans
e.
Democratic Socialists
c.
contrabands
41. Why did Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s greatest challenges come from other southern politicians?
a.
They all coveted the office of the presidency, and many different plots emerged to impeach him
during wartime.
b.
Many of them remained opposed to the war and had long believed the human toll was far from
worth it.
c.
Their insistence on states’ rights made it difficult for the Confederate government to exert its
authority.
d.
Republicans and Whigs had achieved the majority in the Confederate Congress during a wartime
election.
e.
A large faction of the Confederate Congress opposed Davis’s efforts to end slavery to repair
relations with the Union.
42. Which of the following occurred at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
a.
The Union turned back a Confederate invasion and seemed guaranteed to win the war.
b.
The Confederates experienced few major casualties, resulting in a boost in morale.
c.
In Lee’s last significant victory, Hooker and the Union forces experienced a devastating defeat.
d.
African American troops turned the tide for the Union and received freedom as a result.
e.
Hooker delivered the big victory Lincoln had been seeking and received a promotion in return.
43. Which of the following battles led to the Confederates losing control of the Mississippi River,
cutting the Confederacy in two?
a.
Vicksburg
d.
Chancellorsville
b.
First Bull Run
e.
Fredericksburg
c.
Second Bull Run
44. Which of the following occurred at Gettysburg?
a.
In the most dramatic battle of the war, the Confederate army experienced incredible losses.
b.
The Confederate army broke through the Union center and victoriously moved toward Philadelphia.
c.
Meade successfully pursued Lee’s retreating army, guaranteeing the end of the war then and there.
d.
Lincoln gave an address that failed to acknowledge the pain of the war, only its glory.
e.
The battle was considered a draw, as both sides were suffering and had run out of supplies.
45. Which of the following were later Union victories that seemed to turn the tide against the Confederacy?
a.
Second Bull Run, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg
b.
Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga
c.
Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville
d.
Fort Sumter, First Bull Run, and New Orleans
e.
Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Perryville
46. Which of the following came to be Grant’s strategy as a commander?
a.
exercising great caution and only launching offensives when absolutely necessary
b.
fighting very short and spread-out battles so as to maintain an element of surprise
c.
acquiring superior weapons to counterbalance the South’s superior numbers
d.
engaging strictly in guerrilla warfare and focusing attention on the West
e.
waging a relentless war of attrition such as by confiscating or destroying civilian property
47. Which of the following took place at Petersburg?
a.
Lee took great risks because he knew that he could easily replace the dead and wounded.
b.
Grant had chased Lee’s troops and put the trapped Confederates under siege.
c.
Both sides agreed on a draw because to attack with such uneven odds would be inhumane.
d.
Lee received plentiful reinforcements, which caused Grant’s forces to retreat.
e.
A victory boosted Confederate morale, as it prevented the further loss of supplies.
48. Which of the following statements accurately describes William T. Sherman’s role as a general?
a.
He led a successful campaign through Georgia called the March to Sea, which many southerners
viewed as an example of northern tyranny.
b.
His leadership ultimately made it more likely that the Confederacy would make a comeback during
the later stages of the war.
c.
He emphasized a strategy devoid of damage to civilian property because he anticipated that
protecting relations with southerners would be beneficial once they rejoined the Union.
d.
He was first and foremost a politician and used his status as a general to run as the Democratic
candidate opposing Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864.
e.
He experienced a series of victories early on but, as the war progressed, was demoted and
eventually fired due to insubordination.
49. Which of the following was the outcome of Hood’s attack at Franklin?
a.
the slaughter of Hood’s army
b.
Sherman’s abandonment of Atlanta
c.
Hood’s reputation as the South’s greatest hero
d.
the retaking of key rail lines by the South
e.
the restoration of Tennessee to Confederate control
50. Which of the following occurred at Appomattox Court House?
a.
Jefferson Davis was captured.
b.
Joseph Johnston led his last attack against Sherman.
c.
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
d.
Lee surrendered to Grant.
e.
The Confederates shifted to guerrilla warfare.
51. Which of the following caused the most deaths of soldiers during the Civil War?
a.
horse falls
d.
landmines
b.
disease
e.
artillery
c.
rifle bullets
52. Was the Civil War a “modern” war? Why or why not?
a.
No, it was not a “modern” war because the technology of photography had not yet emerged to
document the fighting and destruction.
b.
No, it was not a “modern” war because the effectiveness of muskets, rifles, and cannons had not
improved much in decades and encouraged bloody, close combat.
c.
No, it was not a “modern” war because it never reached the scale of intercontinental alliances, and
multinational armies never materialized.
d.
Yes, it was a “modern” war because advancements in technology enabled it to result in very few
casualties relative to other wars in American history.
e.
Yes, in many was it was a “modern” war because it was fought across the continent, with armies
using railroads and steamships for the first time.
53. What were the MOST important results of the Civil War?
a.
greatly improved relations with Great Britain and the renewed power of the planter class
b.
the decreased power of the federal government and the emergence of a Democratic Congress
c.
the idea that the Union was indissoluble and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment
d.
Lincoln’s belief that freedom was dead, and states’ ability to leave the Union remained undecided
e.
the eradication of cholera by the Red Cross and the elimination of racism in America
ESSAY
1. What was the military strategy of each side at the start of the Civil War? How and why did it
change as the war continued?
2. Was victory inevitable for either side during the Civil War? What advantages did each side
have at the outset?
3. How was the Emancipation Proclamation an example of a military strategy, diplomatic
maneuvering, and social reform?
4. Describe domestic politics during the war, both northern and southern. What problems did
Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis face? How did they deal with these problems?
5. Why did the South lose the war? What were its weaknesses and disadvantages?
6. Describe the Battle of Bull Run. Why was there a sense of naïve optimism, and what impact
did the outcome have on both sides?
7. What is the modern concept of a “total war,” and does the Civil War qualify? Why or why not?
8. What battles were the most significant and why? Why did some battles have a greater impact
than others? Were they always pivotal for the same reasons?
9. Discuss the role black soldiers played in the Civil War. In what capacities did they serve, what
obstacles did they encounter, and what new opportunities did they experience?
10. Discuss how the Civil War was “the most traumatic event in American history.”
MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
a.
was an African American abolitionist leader who celebrated the Emancipation Proclamation, in
contrast to Confederates’ predictions of a race war
b.
was a Confederate general who surprised the Union army at Chancellorsville but was shot there by
his own men
c.
founded the American Red Cross and visited the killing fields with medical supplies, ready to go
“anywhere between the bullet and the battlefield”
d.
was one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans who urged “reconstruction” of the South by
having Union armies seize southern plantations
e.
accepted the post of Union general despite his better judgment and went on to be replaced by
Thomas Hooker
f.
was born into slavery but went on to serve as a nurse and operate a school for freed slaves
g.
was a general demoted due to insubordination and went on to be the 1864 Democratic candidate
against Abraham Lincoln
h.
was a War Democrat who supported Lincoln’s war policies and went on to become his vice
president
i.
was a pro-Confederate leader who ordered his followers to destroy Lawrence, Kansas, and engage
in a massacre there
j.
was the president of the Confederacy and experienced growing discontent directed at him as the
war dragged on
1. Clara Barton
2. William Quantrill
3. Thomas Jackson
4. Frederick Douglass
5. Jefferson Davis
6. George B. McClellan
7. Susie King Taylor
8. Ambrose E. Burnside
9. Andrew Johnson
10. Thaddeus Stevens
