chapter 36 Postwar Crosscurrents
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Avant-garde techniques of electronic music composition were first enabled by the invention of
a.
LPs.
d.
radio transistors.
b.
tape recorders.
e.
DVDs.
c.
electronically amplified instruments.
2. Virtuosity was a self-consciously cultivated stylistic element in which of the following genres?
a.
bebop
d.
musicals
b.
film music
e.
band music
c.
folk music
3. Bluegrass and bebop both
a.
function mainly as dance music.
d.
showcase virtuosic playing techniques.
b.
use electronic instruments.
e.
are associated with urban areas.
c.
use banjos.
4. Parker’s Anthropology is linked to the Tin Pan Alley tradition on account of its musical
borrowing from
a.
Richard Rogers.
d.
Irving Berlin.
b.
West Side Story.
e.
I Got Rhythm.
c.
Motown.
5. A lead sheet
a.
provides synchronization cues for a conductor accompanying a film reel.
b.
serves as an abbreviated score for a bebop combo.
c.
serves as a band transcription of an orchestral composition.
d.
serves as a list of performers in the program of a rock concert.
e.
notates the improvisations of jazz musicians during a particular performance.
6. Which of the following is not an example of an American musical?
a.
George Washington Bridge
d.
Birth of the Cool
b.
Oklahoma!
e.
South Pacific
c.
West Side Story
7. In the 1960s, Ornette Coleman and his ensemble developed a style of jazz known as
a.
bebop.
d.
contrafact.
b.
cool jazz.
e.
rhythm-and-blues.
c.
free jazz.
8. Birth of the Cool is
a.
an album by Charlie Parker that was among the first to feature a saxophone soloist.
b.
the title of Otis Redding’s autobiography.
c.
a scholarly history of American jazz by Jerry Wexler.
d.
a musical by Leonard Bernstein.
e.
an album by Miles Davis that demonstrates a more relaxed, quieter style of jazz.
9. The Marching Illini of the University of Illinois made history when they
a.
founded the first wind ensemble program in 1952.
b.
performed at the first Super Bowl in 1967.
c.
made the first LP recording of band music in 1978.
d.
commissioned and premiered Milhaud’s Suite Française in 1944.
e.
staged the first football halftime show in 1907.
10. 1964 marked
a.
the final year of World War II.
b.
the height of the Korean War.
c.
the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
d.
the first Beatles U.S. concert tour.
e.
a landmark rock music festival in Bethel, New York.
11. Each of the following musicians was associated with the musical style known as soul EXCEPT
a.
Ray Charles.
d.
Aretha Franklin.
b.
James Brown.
e.
Miles Davis.
c.
Otis Redding.
12. After World War II, the American folk music movement
a.
adopted a simple performance style using only one or a few acoustic instruments as
accompaniment.
b.
exploited new electronic instruments to enhance the performance of folk music.
c.
integrated folk melodies with the rhythmic qualities of rock and roll.
d.
focused on preserving the purity of the traditional oral repertoire of American folk melody.
e.
self-consciously avoided political and social themes in favor of idyllic, lyrical descriptions of
American life.
13. Electric blues was a style that developed as a result of the
a.
migration of southern blues musicians to northern cities.
b.
British invasion.
c.
invention of the Moog synthesizer.
d.
drug culture of the 1960s.
e.
invention of radio.
14. The song Hound Dog is a good example of
a.
early bebop.
b.
the adoption of rhythm-and-blues by white musicians.
c.
country music of the southeastern United States.
d.
the avant-garde techniques of free jazz.
e.
one of the earliest hit songs of the British Invasion.
15. In the 1950s, white American teenagers helped foster
a.
innovations in jazz style.
b.
synthesis of African American and white popular music.
c.
the emergence of the concert band and its repertoire.
d.
more serious plot subjects in Broadway musicals.
e.
the popularity of bands like the Rolling Stones and The Who.
16. The Kinks, The Who, and Cream are examples of
a.
folk music groups of the 1960s.
d.
Motown groups of the 1960s.
b.
bebop ensembles of the 1950s.
e.
British bands of the 1960s.
c.
cool jazz albums of the 1950s.
17. Woodstock, New York, was the site of
a.
a landmark live concert of rock and roll music.
b.
the first institute for the development of electronic music.
c.
a major center for the development of bebop style.
d.
the setting of Bernstein’s On the Town.
e.
the Eastman School of Music.
18. Folk music was the special province of musicians that included all the following EXCEPT
a.
Peter Seeger.
d.
Frank Zappa.
b.
The Weavers.
e.
Peter, Paul, and Mary.
c.
Woody Guthrie.
19. A texture of interlocking polyrhythmic ostinati is a hallmark of
a.
cool jazz.
d.
folk music.
b.
rhythm-and-blues.
e.
soul.
c.
salsa.
20. Motown vocal groups emerged from a recording company located in
a.
New York.
d.
Nashville.
b.
Detroit.
e.
Mobile.
c.
Chicago.
21. The 1960s African American style known as soul synthesized
a.
delta blues and country music fiddling.
b.
blues and Latin American dance rhythms.
c.
Tin Pan Alley songs and African polyrhythms.
d.
rhythm-and-blues and gospel.
e.
electric blues and ragtime.
22. The music for On the Town and On the Waterfront was composed by
a.
Ennio Morricone.
d.
Johnny Cash.
b.
Vincent Persichetti.
e.
Richard Rogers.
c.
Leonard Bernstein.
23. Composers like Vincent Persichetti, Aaron Copland, and Paul Hindemith made important contributions to the
repertoire of
a.
free jazz.
d.
rhythm-and-blues.
b.
bebop.
e.
musicals.
c.
wind band music.
24. In the 1950s, Frederick Fennell and students from the Eastman School of Music organized an important ensemble
for performing
a.
music of India and Asia.
d.
wind band music.
b.
rhythm-and-blues.
e.
electronic music.
c.
medieval and Renaissance vocal music.
25. Music for Prague 1968 is a(n)
a.
film score by Miklós Rózsa.
d.
musical by Richard Rogers.
b.
live tour album by Thelonius Monk.
e.
overture by Krzysztof Penderecki.
c.
band composition by Karel Husa.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Despite the catastrophic suffering and devastation of World War II, the years following the war
saw a rapid expansion of higher education and cultural opportunities in the United States.
2. In the years after World War II, the victorious allied powers of Europe began to lose or liberate
their colonial territories.
3. During the 1950s and 1960s, while jazz styles diversified rapidly, country music retained a fixed, uniform style.
4. A distinctive feature of bebop is its abandonment of improvisation techniques in favor of notated arrangements.
5. In the 1960s, both rock and roll and jazz were increasingly meant to be closely listened to rather
than used for dancing.
6. Rhythm-and-blues evolved from the African American style known as soul.
7. The emergence of so many diverse styles of popular music throughout the United States assuaged differences and
tensions between rural and urban social groups.
8. In West Side Story, Bernstein fused popular American musical conventions with classical
genres and techniques.
9. American film scores of the 1950s frequently employed the dissonant harmonic language and
serial techniques of European modernist composers.
10. Since the 1970s, classical music and its genres have maintained their popularity and appeal for
young people alongside more recent popular music styles and genres.
SHORT ANSWER
1. The period of political and economic struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, and of the former’s
efforts to contain communism following World War II, is known as the ________.
2. A jazz composition that features a new melody over the chord progression of an existing popular song is called a(n)
________.
3. The primary tune of a bebop composition is called the ________.
4. The style of jazz that features improvised melodic and harmonic gestures, atonality, and the absence
of fixed forms is known as ________.
5. Because of its geographical location and the presence of the Grand Ole Opry, the city of ________ emerged as the
center for the cultivation of country music.
6. Electric blues is closely associated with southern musicians who migrated to the city of ________.
7. The radio disc jockey Alan Freed is credited with coining the term ________.
8. In rhythm-and-blues style, the second and fourth beats of a four-beat measure are called ________.
9. The style of music that combines elements of Mexican mariachi music with European folk styles
and American country music is known as ________.
10. The genre that developed from the fusion of Cuban and Puerto Rican dance styles with American popular elements
is known as ________.
MATCHING
Match each decade to the event that took place during it.
a.
1920s
d.
1950s
b.
1930s
e.
1960s
c.
1940s
1. invention of tape recorders
2. invention of sound synthesizers
3. emergence of American country music
4. introduction of rock and roll in film
5. emergence of bebop
Match each stage work to its plot’s subject matter.
a.
West Side Story
d.
Fiddler on the Roof
b.
Hair
e.
The King and I
c.
South Pacific
6. Jewish life in Tsarist Russia
7. race relations during World War II
8. European encounters with East Asia
9. American hippie counterculture
10. urban race relations
ESSAY
1. How did jazz develop beyond its earliest forms in the decades during and after World War II? Who were its
important exponents? What techniques and styles emerged, and how were these related to the evolving status of jazz
and jazz musicians in the American and European musical landscapes?
2. What genres of popular music first emerged or further evolved in distinct ways as a result of social and economic
displacements and realignments after World War II, especially in the United States? What composers of popular
music, musical theater, film music, and band music played important roles in these developments? Identify
representative compositions that reflect this changing social and artistic landscape.