chapter 22 Instrumental Music: Sonata,
Symphony, and Concerto
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following characteristics shows the influence of vocal music on instrumental music?
a.
idiomatic figuration
d.
periodic phrasing
b.
tonic-dominant tension
e.
codified formal organization
c.
growing importance of woodwinds
2. Who invented the pianoforte?
a.
Koch
d.
Wagenseil
b.
Galuppi
e.
J. S. Bach
c.
Cristofori
3. What term refers to eighteenth-century pianos in order to distinguish them from their later counterparts?
a.
pianofortes
d.
fortepianos
b.
virginals
e.
clavichords
c.
harpsichords
4. What instrument was the most common in homes during the mid– to late eighteenth century?
a.
violin
d.
flute
b.
piano
e.
guitar
c.
cello
5. What was the primary purpose of music for small string ensembles?
a.
enjoyment of the performers
b.
demonstration of compositional skill
c.
exhibition of virtuoso talent
d.
education of young musicians
e.
to accompany dancing and other social activities
6. Why were keyboard sonatas and small string ensembles common in the eighteenth century?
a.
They were made popular by a series of gifted performers, which sparked a sonata craze.
b.
Being able to play the piano or a stringed instrument was expected of members of the middle and
upper classes.
c.
These genres were easier to compose and were the first genres taught to aspiring composers.
d.
The wealthy saved money by hiring a few musicians rather than a full orchestra for their social
events.
e.
They were well suited to being played by professional musicians and their students.
7. Your text compares the string quartet to what other activity?
a.
dancing
d.
hosting parties
b.
playing cards
e.
blogging
c.
writing emails
8. Which instrument was NOT usually included in the late-eighteenth-century symphony?
a.
bassoon
d.
timpani
b.
flute
e.
trombone
c.
horn
9. Which of the following Baroque genres remained in common use throughout the Classic period?
a.
fugue
d.
toccata
b.
concerto
e.
chorale
c.
dance suite
10. Introductory Essay on Composition was written by
a.
C. P. E. Bach.
d.
J. C. Bach.
b.
J. Stamitz.
e.
J. S. Bach.
c.
H. C. Koch.
11. What is the most common formal structure in the first movement of a sonata by Domenico Scarlatti?
a.
expanded binary
d.
rounded binary
b.
simple binary
e.
balanced binary
c.
rondo
12. What is the primary difference between balanced binary and rounded binary forms?
a.
Balanced binary repeats the first half of the first section at the end; rounded binary repeats the
second half of the first section.
b.
Balanced binary forms are shorter than rounded binary ones.
c.
Balanced binary has two contrasting types of material; rounded binary has three types.
d.
Balanced binary repeats only the second half of the first section in the tonic at the end; rounded
binary repeats the entire first section in the tonic.
e.
Balanced binary has two complete I–V–I motions; rounded binary has one large I–V–I motion.
13. Where did Domenico Scarlatti spend most of his working life?
a.
United Kingdom
d.
Netherlands
b.
France
e.
Spain and Portugal
c.
Italy
14. How is the structure of Domenico Scarlatti’s major–key sonata forms unusual?
a.
At the end of the binary form, he repeats only the first half of the first section.
b.
He includes a short section in minor that emphasizes the arrival of the new key.
c.
Although his harmonies are binary in format, his melodies are in variations form.
d.
He only touches on keys other than tonic without modulating completely.
e.
His phrases are of an odd length, resulting in uneven periods.
15. Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments was written by
a.
C. P. E. Bach.
d.
J. C. Bach.
b.
D. Scarlatti.
e.
J. S. Bach.
c.
H. C. Koch.
16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of empfindsam style?
a.
unusual melodic lines
d.
nervous rhythms
b.
sudden changes in dynamic level
e.
abrupt changes in harmony
c.
regular phrases
17. Which composer was known for writing in the empfindsam style?
a.
C. P. E. Bach
d.
D. Scarlatti
b.
Stamitz
e.
Koch
c.
Von Dittersdorf
18. Which of these genres is NOT a predecessor of the symphony?
a.
string quartet
d.
church sonata
b.
orchestral concerto
e.
orchestral suite
c.
opera overture
19. What was the most prestigious instrumental genre in the late eighteenth century?
a.
concerto
d.
orchestral suite
b.
sonata
e.
symphony
c.
string quartet
20. Which of these is NOT a way in which Sammartini’s Symphony in F Major is typical of early symphonies?
a.
premiered at a salon party
b.
short in duration
c.
three-movement form, fast-slow-fast
d.
for small string orchestra with basso continuo
e.
opening movement follows the classic first-movement form
21. Who was the first composer to consistently write symphonies with four movements?
a.
Sammartini
d.
Von Dittersdorf
b.
Gossec
e.
J. C. Bach
c.
Stamitz
22. Which genre was designed for composer-performers?
a.
sonata
d.
minuet and trio form
b.
quartet and other small ensembles
e.
symphony
c.
symphonie concertante
23. Who was one of the first composers of African descent to achieve recognition in Europe?
a.
Galuppi
d.
Gossec
b.
Cristofori
e.
Giustini
c.
Saint-Georges
24. Of the following genres, which was considered music for background entertainment rather than concert music?
a.
symphony
d.
sonata
b.
concerto
e.
orchestral suite
c.
serenade
25. What genre, popular with the Parisian public during the 1700s, combined virtuosic playing with orchestral
sonorities?
a.
divertissement
d.
symphonie concertante
b.
sonata
e.
rondo
c.
orchestral concerto
TRUE/FALSE
1. In the 1700s, women often were accomplished keyboard players.
2. Amateur musicians often participated in wind ensembles.
3. Mid-eighteenth-century orchestras gave woodwinds important solo parts.
4. At the end of the eighteenth century, the keyboard player was the leader of the orchestra.
5. Classic-era composers wrote approximately one-third of their pieces in minor keys.
6. The orchestra known as the “army of generals” was based in Paris.
7. Johann Christian Bach influenced Mozart.
8. Soloists improvised their own cadenzas in the eighteenth century.
9. Composers of instrumental music in the mid-1700s adapted musical techniques from opera.
10. By the late eighteenth century both C. P. E. and J. C. Bach were more popular than their father,
J. S. Bach.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What expressive advantage did the pianoforte have over the harpsichord?
2. List the instruments that perform in a string quartet.
3. What reed instrument was invented during the early 1700s?
4. What was the most common keyboard genre in the early Classic period?
5. What is the foundational tonal paradigm for Classic-era music?
6. You are listening to a minuet and trio from a symphony. You have just finished listening to the trio, which was in A
minor. What do you expect to hear next? What key do you expect to hear?
7. What formal structures and tempi are mostly likely to be used for each of the four movements of a string quartet or
symphony from the late 1700s?
8. You are listening to the first movement of a sonata by C. P. E. Bach. The first sixteen measures are in A major.
What do you expect to hear next?
9. You are listening to a piano concerto by J. C. Bach. You have just heard the soloist play a virtuosic section without
any accompaniment from the orchestra. The soloist has just started a trill on what seems to be the dominant. What
do you expect to hear next?
10. In the mid-1700s, the first movement of a concerto combines ________ form and ________ form.
MATCHING
Match each genre to the formal structure it is most likely to follow.
a.
simple binary
d.
minuet and trio
b.
expanded binary
e.
rondo
c.
sonata form without development
1. joins two binary forms to create ABA pattern
2. first movement of a three-part sonata
3. second movement of a three-part sonata
4. last movement of a three-part sonata
5. dance music
Match each diagram to the formal structure it represents.
a.
A B A C A B A
d.
:First section: : Second Section :
AB CD free AB CD
I–––V mod. I–––I
b.
: A B : : X A B :
I–V mod. I–I
e.
: A : : B :
I–V V–I
c.
AA AAA
6. simple binary
7. rounded binary
8. theme and variations
9. expanded binary (first movement form)
10. rondo
ESSAY
1. Trace the development of the symphony to the mid-eighteenth century. Consider the genre’s predecessors and the
composers and/or innovations associated with this time period.
2. Sonata form can be viewed as a two-part form or as a three-part form. Explain. What do we expect to occur during
the different sections?