20. The __________, used at an industrial community along the Merrimack River, became the
model for mill towns throughout New England.
a. machine tool system
b. English textile system
c. capitalist system
d. Lowell system
e. factory town system
21. The Tariff Bill of 1816 was passed to
a. protect American industry from foreign competition.
b. make global trade easier for U.S. industrialists.
c. lower the cost of American manufactured goods.
d. increase revenue for state governments.
e. retaliate against Latin American suppliers of cheap products.
22. Why did New England shipping companies oppose tariffs?
a. It would force them to make more trips across the Atlantic Ocean.
b. It would reduce the quantity of goods shipped from Britain and the rest of Europe.
c. It would mean increased competition from shippers from other nations.
d. They would no longer have their monopoly on government imports.
e. They could not afford to send more ships over to get the supplies needed.
23. By the early 1800s, the five largest American cities were all major
a. military centers.
b. seaports.
c. iron-producing areas.
d. cotton exporters.
e. state capitals.
24. American employers aggressively recruited immigrants after a worldwide economic slump
in the 1830s because
a. the U.S. population was declining.
b. the most successful industrial employers were immigrants themselves.
c. French and German workers were known for their high productivity.
d. immigrants generally worked for less pay.
e. most Americans wanted to farm, not work in a factory.
25. The largest city in the United States by 1860, with a population greater than 1 million, was
a. New York City
b. Boston
c. Philadelphia
d. Washington, D.C.
e. New Orleans
26. By far the largest number of immigrants to arrive in the United States between 1840 and
1860 came from
a. Ireland and Germany
b. Germany and Scotland
c. Scotland and France
d. France and Russia
e. Russia and Mexico
27. By 1860 Catholicism had become the largest denomination in the United States because of
the large number of __________ immigrants.
a. German
b. Scots
c. Canadian
d. Russian
e. Irish
28. Most nineteenth-century Irish immigrants tended to
a. stick together and form Irish neighborhoods.
b. be able to avoid the prejudice endured by other groups.
c. treat other persecuted groups humanely.
d. leave the Catholic faith once in America.
e. live in rural areas and farm.
29. Which of the following is true of German immigrants of the mid–nineteenth century?
a. Most of them were Catholic.
b. Most were unskilled.
c. A majority settled in the southern states.
d. Central Texas was to be their final destination.
e. They were religiously diverse.
30. Which immigrant group tended to settle more in rural than in urban areas?
a. Germans
b. Scots
c. Canadians
d. Russians
e. Irish
31. Many of the immigrants who came to the United States in the mid-1800s were
a. murderers and rapists.
b. politicians and laborers.
c. skilled craftsmen and professionals.
d. atheists and agnostics.
e. never able to make a living in the United States.
32. Because of increasing immigration during the nineteenth century, a growing number of
American __________ organized efforts and formed political factions to stop the arrivals.
a. Republicans
b. Democrats
c. nativists
d. multiculturalists
e. birthers
33. Which of the following was an informal name given to a nativist political party in the mid–
nineteenth century?
a. Whigs
b. National-Republicans
c. Know-Nothings
d. Democratic Republicans
e. Federalists
34. Which of the following was a demand of the Know-Nothing party regarding immigration?
a. That the waiting period for citizenship be significantly increased
b. That all illegals be deported as soon as possible
c. That all illegals be identified and placed in internment camps
d. That those who had been in the United States at least 10 years be granted amnesty
e. That only skilled craftsmen be allowed to immigrate to the United States
35. Most of the overt nationalist sentiment of the mid–nineteenth century seemed to be
concentrated in the
a. South.
b. Northeast.
c. Midwest.
d. Appalachian region.
e. rural areas.
36. When craftsmen found it hard to compete with low-priced goods produced in factories, they
became more involved in
a. community affairs.
b. politics and unions.
c. church programs.
d. charitable organizations.
e. illegal smuggling.
37. One of the fastest growing vocations in the first half of the nineteenth century was
a. bookkeeping.
b. law.
c. teaching.
d. iron work.
e. medicine.
38. Physicians in the early 1800s
a. were required to go to medical school.
b. were closely regulated by the government.
c. often had very little training.
d. were experts in modern medical science.
e. provided roughly the same services as nurses.
39. The Industrial Revolution spurred the need for __________, which eventually became the
largest professional occupation for men in the United States.
a. teachers
b. lawyers
c. engineers
d. doctors
e. salesmen
40. During the period of industrial expansion in the mid–nineteenth century, most women
a. were able to get a better education and enter male-dominated professions.
b. protested their inability to become engineers, physicians, and lawyers.
c. continued to work primarily in the home or on the farm.
d. were treated no better than slaves within the family.
e. became industrial laborers.
ESSAY
1. Describe the general immigration trends of the mid–nineteenth century. What forms did the
nativist response to this immigration take?
2. Explain how the cotton gin in the South and textile mills in the North expanded the role of
slavery in the United States.
3. Describe the changes in transportation that took place in the early nineteenth century that
made the emergence of a market economy possible.
4. Describe the changes in the way Americans worked and lived that were a result of increasing
industrialism and factory production.
5. Was immigration necessary for industrialization and a market economy to thrive? Explain
why or why not. Whatever your answer, include an analysis of the effect that immigration
had on the development of industry and subsequent urbanization.
MATCHING
Match each person or group with one of the following descriptions.
a. Invented the telegraph
b. Patented the design of a sewing machine
c. Helped pioneer the factory system
d. Invented the mechanical reaper
e. Patented the process for vulcanizing rubber
f. Helped pioneer steamboat transportation
g. Became a nativist national political party
h. Built cabins and farmed land without purchasing it
i. Invented the steel plow
j. Emigrated from Ireland and developed a process for curing refrigerated meats
1. Charles Goodyear
2. Robert Fulton
3. Elias Howe
4. Francis Cabot Lowell
5. Samuel F. B. Morse
6. Cyrus McCormick
7. Know-Nothings
8. Squatters
9. John Deere
10. Michael Cudahy