22. According to the textbook, President Reagan was very successful in transforming the
__________ while in office because of his conservative appointments.
a. spoils system
b. executive branch
c. Washington, D.C. “good-old-boy” network
d. judicial system
e. way America looks at government
23. President Reagan planned on beating the Russians in the Cold War by
a. destroying their armies in the field.
b. convincing their people to overthrow their government.
c. refusing to work with brutal dictators at all costs.
d. overwhelming them both financially and militarily.
e. abolishing their financial aid from other nations.
24. President Reagan’s anti-missile defense system involved laser-equipped
a. submarines.
b. missile batteries.
c. satellites.
d. destroyers.
e. tanks.
25. According to the textbook, President Reagan’s foremost international concern was
a. Central America.
b. South America.
c. Canada.
d. Eastern Europe.
e. China.
26. Critics of President Reagan’s foreign policy feared U.S. involvement in Nicaragua because
it seemed similar to
a. Korea.
b. World War II.
c. Vietnam.
d. the Philippines.
e. China.
27. What happened as part of the Iran-Contra affair?
a. Intervention in a guerrilla war in Vietnam, using weapons and fuel supplied by Iran
b. The selling of arms to Iran in the hope that Iran would help free U.S. hostages held in
Lebanon
c. The strategic supply of Uranium to Iranians so that they could combat Communist
forces in their government
d. Secret communications with Iranians meant to encourage them to become a democracy
and overthrow their existing government
e. The creation of laws allowing long-range missile use in the conflict in Nicaragua
28. Why was the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) significant?
a. It was the first time that United States and Soviet leaders agreed to destroy a whole class
of weapons systems.
b. It recognized that the Cold War was becoming direr and that Western countries would
need to come together to produce more weapons.
c. It was considered the biggest diplomatic failure of Ronald Reagan’s presidency and
prevented his reelection.
d. It was a formal acknowledgment of an agreement that had already been followed by the
Soviets and United States for decades.
e. It was created largely in response to the Soviet Union’s booming economy and triumphs
in a war against Afghanistan.
29. During the 1980s, the U.S. economy was having to endure difficult transformations in
adapting to an increasingly
a. shrinking marketplace.
b. expensive world.
c. hostile political environment worldwide.
d. negative image of the United States.
e. global marketplace.
30. The first computer was created by engineers at
a. Microsoft.
b. IBM.
c. Texas Instruments.
d. The University of Pennsylvania.
e. MIT.
31. A major breakthrough in the computing industry in the early 1970s was the invention of the
__________, which involved an electronic circuit printed on a tiny silicon chip.
a. Internet
b. color monitor
c. microprocessor
d. printer
e. typewriter
32. Although the 1980s were a time of unprecedented prosperity, widespread __________
became the most acute social issue during the same period.
a. mental illness
b. homelessness
c. stock market manipulation
d. dust storms
e. riots led by many powerful unions
33. During the 1980s, the __________ epidemic ran rampant among gay men and intravenous
drug users.
a. Ebola
b. E. coli
c. Hepatitis C
d. AIDS
e. Diabetes
34. According to the textbook, the biggest problem facing George H. W. Bush when he became
president was the
a. national debt.
b. Soviet Union.
c. war in Iraq.
d. rise of terrorism.
e. collapsing economy.
35. Because of a failing economy, leaders in the Soviet Union began a series of reforms to
loosen the centrally planned economy, shifting toward a mixed economy that would permit
capitalism. What is the term for this general type of restructuring?
a. Glasnost
b. Perestroika
c. SALT
d. “The Great Expansion”
e. Stagflation
36. A spectacular event in the collapse of the Soviet Union that allowed for a freely elected
government in Germany was the
a. overthrow of Communist forces in France.
b. destruction of the Berlin Wall.
c. abolishment of the Soviet Union’s parliament.
d. overthrow of their president, Boris Yeltsin.
e. SALT II treaty.
37. In the Soviet Union, Communist hardliners blamed __________ for unraveling their
bureaucratic government.
a. George H. W. Bush
b. Boris Yeltsin
c. Mikhail Gorbachev
d. Ronald Reagan
e. Oliver North
38. What was one way the Communist coup in the Soviet Union in 1991 was significant?
a. A group of political and military leaders succeeded in permanently seizing power,
restoring Communism in the Soviet Union.
b. Bush made a grave mistake by supporting the plotters of the coup and recognizing the
legitimacy of their new government.
c. The Baltic States sought protection from a similar coup and thereby became an
increasingly more integral part of Russia.
d. A reactionary coup transformed into a strong accelerant for the collapse of the Soviet
Union and the reduced nuclear threat to the United States.
e. Because of the threat posed by Boris Yeltsin’s political rise, Bush quickly increased
U.S. stockpiles of nuclear weapons.
39. After a U.S. marine was killed in __________ President Bush ordered an invasion to
capture its president, Manuel Noriega.
a. Columbia
b. Venezuela
c. Panama
d. Mexico
e. Peru
40. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the United States and forces from more than
thirty other nations retaliated with Operation
a. Overlord.
b. Overkill.
c. Desert Storm.
d. Oil.
e. Sand Dune.
41. President Bush’s approval rating plunged not too long after the Gulf War because of the
public’s anxiety over the
a. terror cells in the United States.
b. oil shortages.
c. cost of the war.
d. sluggish economy.
e. failure to capture Sadaam Hussein.
42. By the time Bill Clinton ran for president in 1992, he had already emerged as the dynamic
leader of the ______________ , who sought to win back the middle-class white who had
voted Republican in the 1980s.
a. “Southern Liberals”
b. “Arkansas Rebel Democrats”
c. “Dixiecrats”
d. “Moderate Independents”
e. “New Democrats”
ESSAY
1. What were the main foreign policy achievements of the Carter administration? In what areas
did Carter fail?
2. Describe and illustrate the main features of Reaganomics. Did it help or hurt the U.S.
economy during the Reagan years? Provide examples.
3. Describe the resurgence of the Republican party behind candidate, then President, Ronald
Reagan. How did he and his supporters, as well as national circumstances, rejuvenate the
party?
4. How did the Reagan and Bush administrations end the Cold War? Address policies, events,
and circumstances in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
5. What difficulties arose in defining America’s post–Cold War role in the world? What exactly
was President George H. W. Bush’s idea of a “new world order”?
MATCHING
Match each person with one of the following descriptions.
a. Championed women’s roles as wives and mothers
b. Was the Egyptian president and signer of the Camp David Accords
c. Led the Moral Majority
d. Stated that AIDS was nature’s “awful retribution” on homosexuals
e. Was a Panamanian leader convicted of drug trafficking
f. Secretly sold military supplies to Iran
g. Was a moderate, reform-minded leader of the Soviet Union
h. Was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988
i. Was the first woman vice-presidential candidate in the United States
j. Was the Israeli Prime Minister and signer of the Camp David Accords
k. Emerged as the most popular political figure in the country after the Communist Coup in the
Soviet Union
l. Was known as the “Great Communicator”
1. Phyllis Schlafly
2. Manuel Noriega
3. Anwar el-Sadat
4. Jerry Falwell
5. Boris Yeltsin
6. Michael Dukakis
7. Menachem Begin
8. Oliver North
9. Mikhail Gorbachev
10. Patrick Buchanan
11. Ronald Reagan
12. Geraldine Ferraro