26. __________ argued that the black response to racial prejudice should be “ceaseless
agitation.”
a. W. E. B. Du Bois
b. Booker T. Washington
c. James Plunkett
d. Alfred Waddell
e. Henry Smith
27. Before the Civil War, Americans referred to the area between California and the Mississippi
River as
a. Kansas.
b. Nebraska.
c. the Great American Desert.
d. Wyoming.
e. Washington.
28. In 1882, Congress banned further immigration to the United States from what country?
a. China
b. Japan
c. England
d. Ireland
e. France
29. __________ was the name for the African Americans who migrated West in search of
social and economic opportunities.
a. Sharecroppers
b. Exodusters
c. Tenant farmers
d. Carpetbaggers
e. Redeemers
30. Which of the following statements regarding settlers to the New West after the Civil War is
accurate?
a. Life was typically easy for this predominantly white population.
b. Settlers were practically guaranteed economic success.
c. Native Americans welcomed all new settlers.
d. Life was challenging for this diverse group of settlers.
e. Farming was the only option for these settlers.
31. The economic situation in the New West can best be described as
a. boom or bust.
b. thriving.
c. declining.
d. stagnating.
e. consistent.
32. __________ set up the first stockyard for Texas cattle in Abilene, Kansas.
a. Henry Comstock
b. Joseph G. McCoy
c. Colonel Alfred Waddell
d. Justice John Marshall Harlan
e. Henry Woodfin Grady
33. The type of cattle that came from Texas to Abilene on the cattle drives were
a. Guernseys.
b. Herefords.
c. Angus.
d. Texas Longhorns.
e. Shorthorns.
34. What replaced the open range as a system of governing property in the Western frontier,
resulting in conflicts with small ranchers?
a. The crop-lien system
b. Barbed-wire fencing
c. Tribal boundaries
d. Long ranging
e. The Ghost Dance movement
35. What were “Bonanza Farms”?
a. Farms that, rather than growing wheat, centered on crops not found in the South
b. A form of commercial farming that employed migrant workers
c. Farms that were run by poor western farmers
d. Farms that fell behind in technology and mass production
e. Farms established in opposition to the interests of wealthy capitalists
36. The early miners to the West initially engaged in __________ mining but then moved
predominantly to__________ mining.
a. surface; hard-rock tunnel
b. mechanized; manual
c. hard rock; panning
d. hydraulic; environmentally friendly
e. unionized; nonunionized
37. As a result of economic opportunities in the New West, __________ boomtowns often
appeared suddenly.
a. female-dominated
b. male-dominated
c. Mexican-controlled
d. Chinese-run
e. strictly white
38. Which of the following statements regarding late-nineteenth-century western women is
accurate?
a. In mining towns, there were far fewer men than women because of the danger of men’s
work.
b. Women faced far fewer social prejudices in the West than women did in the East.
c. Women in the West received the right to vote far later than women in the East did.
d. Women and men in the West were more equal partners than in the East because of the
fight for survival.
e. Women in the West remained fully dependent on men and were not allowed to work on
the farm.
39. In the __________, Plains tribal chiefs agreed in 1851 to accept definite tribal borders and
allow whites to travel west.
a. Abilene Treaty
b. Big Horn Treaty
c. Fort Laramie Treaty
d. Indian Removal Treaty
e. Dawes Treaty
40. The __________ were the bloody conflicts between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans in
the West from the 1860s to the 1870s.
a. Range wars
b. Indian wars
c. Remington wars
d. Arapaho battles
e. Medicine Lodge wars
41. President Grant’s policy toward the Native Americans in the west was to
a. require that they become sharecroppers.
b. maintain a military campaign against the Indians.
c. invade and occupy the reservations.
d. support a peace policy.
e. forcibly remove all Indians from the West.
42. The __________ tribe allied with the Sioux to fight federal troops in the Great Sioux War in
the mid-1870s.
a. Comanche
b. Kiowas
c. Arapaho
d. Cheyenne
e. Paiute
43. __________ led the American troops at the infamous Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
a. Ulysses Grant
b. Robert E. Lee
c. Henry Woodfin Grady
d. Jack Wilson
e. George A. Custer
44. __________ was the powerful Chiricahua Apache chief who was captured by the United
States government in 1886.
a. Modoc
b. Chief Joseph
c. Geronimo
d. Red Jacket
e. Ute
45. The __________ was the spiritual and political movement started by __________ in 1888
to make Indian soldiers bulletproof in the fight to regain their homelands.
a. Populist movement; Chief Joseph
b. Ghost Dance; Wovoka
c. Ghost Dance; Geronimo
d. Great Sioux War; Wovoka
e. Great Sioux War; Chief Joseph
46. What did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 do?
a. It ordered all Native Americans to relocate to Canada.
b. It ordered all Native Americans to relocate to Mexico.
c. It attempted to “Americanize” Native Americans.
d. It gave Native Americans the right to vote.
e. It gave Native Americans representatives in Congress.
47. Which of the following statements describes the status of Native Americans at the end of
the nineteenth century?
a. Native Americans were better off than they had ever been.
b. Native Americans were better off than they had been before the Civil War.
c. Native Americans were revered as allies by the U.S. government.
d. Native American resistance to westward expansion had been crushed.
e. Native Americans believed they could work with the U.S. government to improve their
status.
48. According to the __________ national census, the frontier era of American development
had ended.
a. 1890
b. 1880
c. 1870
d. 1900
e. 1860
49. According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the frontier
a. defined and shaped America.
b. hurt America’s economic development.
c. delayed America’s political growth.
d. sparked the Industrial Revolution.
e. caused Americans to be morally weak.
50. Turner’s “frontier thesis” argued that America’s frontier
a. had made it more democratic.
b. had made it less democratic.
c. had made it a less open society.
d. had been shaped by women, Native Americans, African Americans, Asians, and
Hispanics.
e. was a myth.
51. The __________ party was a new political party made up largely of farmers from the South
and West who wanted to gain political influence in the East.
a. Socialist
b. Democratic
c. Republican
d. People’s
e. Communist
52. Populism was based on the idea that
a. the common man should have more of a say in politics.
b. the rich made the most qualified politicians.
c. the South and West had incompatible political views.
d. Republicans in the Northeast and Midwest should expand their influence.
e. politicians currently in power were well qualified to rule.
ESSAY
1. Write an essay comparing and contrasting the approaches advocated by Booker T.
Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to segregation laws. How might you explain the
differences in each of their approaches?
2. Write an essay exploring the status of African Americans in the South in the late nineteenth
century. In what ways did white southerners take away the rights of African Americans?
What motivated those actions? How did African Americans respond to such actions?
3. Compare and contrast farming in the South and the West. In what ways were they similar?
In what ways were they different? What challenges and opportunities did farmers in each
region face?
4. Compare and contrast the issues facing African Americans in the South and Native
Americans in the West. In what ways were they different? What unique obstacles did each
group face? What was the reaction of the federal government to the plight of each group?
How was each group treated by the majority population in each region? How did each group
react to their plight?
5. Describe the government’s policy toward Native Americans. How did this policy develop
over the years, and what were the main factors that influenced its development?
6. Write an essay exploring the variety of individuals who moved to the West, including
Americans from further east as well as Europeans, Asians, African Americans, and women.
What unique challenges and opportunities did each group face? What brought so many
individuals west at this time?
7. What was the African American experience during the latter part of the nineteenth century?
How did that experience vary depending on the region?
8. Discuss how the Native Americans in the period from 1860 to 1890 shape westward
expansion through their opposition and through their cooperation. Note the contrasting roles
of different tribes and different individuals that made some consistently resist the spread of
others into their territories and made some serve as allies to the U.S. Army.
MATCHING
Match each person with one of the following descriptions.
a. Was editor of the Atlanta Constitution
b. Made improved plow for Plains farmers
c. Was a livestock dealer who helped
establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first
successful cowtown
d. Founded the American Tobacco Company
g. Led the massacre of 200 Indians at Sand
Creek
h. Developed a form of barbed-wire fencing
i. Was the author of A Century of Dishonor
j. Was the first African American to file suit
against racial segregation on a railroad
e. Said that the Indian wars were the result
of broken promises by Americans
f. Wrote that the frontier had shaped the
American national character
car.
k. Took a conservative approach for African
Americans and advocated education and
economic self-sufficiency, not social
activism.
l. Was the first African American to earn a
doctoral degree from Harvard.
1. J. M. Chivington
2. James Buchanan Duke
3. Joseph Glidden
4. Henry Grady
5. Helen Hunt Jackson
6. James Oliver
7. Rutherford B. Hayes
8. Joseph McCoy
9. Frederick Jackson Turner
10. Ida B. Wells
11. Booker T. Washington
12. W. E. B. Du Bois
