b. loitering.
c. bribery.
d. kickbacks.
e. pooling.
21. After the Civil War, what was the complaint about the federal tariff?
a. It was not generating enough revenue.
b. It was not forcing American companies to be competitive with their prices.
c. It was allowing too many foreign imports into the American market.
d. It was no longer needed.
e. It was not high enough.
22. What did the Legal Tender Act of 1862 do?
a. It called for the coinage of money to be in gold only because it would protect the
interests of big business.
b. It forbade national banks and gave more power to the state banks in developing their
own currencies.
c. It forbade the printing of paper currency because the Republican-dominated Congress
thought it would destroy the economy.
d. It for the first time allowed for the printing of a national paper currency to help pay for
the Civil War.
e. It gave eastern businesses tax breaks and made it more difficult for new western states to
become a part of the national economy.
23. The Homestead Act and Morrill Land-Grant College Act of 1862 were both examples of the
federal government promoting economic growth through
a. foreign loans.
b. the printing of paper money.
c. gifts of free land.
d. an increased income tax rate.
e. an increased tariff rate.
24. What was the purpose behind the creation of land grant colleges?
a. To encourage students to attend college abroad and then apply their skills to certain
regions within the United States
b. To offer courses in economics to help the next generation of businessmen lead
corporations
c. To provide technical instruction for farming and quickly growing sectors such as mining
d. To establish educational institutions that prioritized the education of African Americans
e. To promote the study of the classics and other humanities disciplines in more regions of
the country
25. What was the economic doctrine that was typically used by Congress and the presidents
during the post–Civil War era?
a. Anarchism
b. Laissez-faire
c. “Corporate regulation above all”
d. Fascism
e. Socialism
26. Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government from 1860 to
1900?
a. It became more socially active and introduced legislation that guaranteed equal pay for
blacks and women.
b. It became less active in helping link the westerns states’ economies with states in the
east.
c. It became allied with Big Business, especially through its tariff policy to benefit
American manufacturers.
d. It became allied with Unions and passed legislation strengthening workers’ rights.
e. It became more politically involved with state political parties, especially Democrats.
27. By 1900, __________ of college students were women.
a. one sixth
b. one third
c. one quarter
d. one half
e. three fourths
28. The rise of this ailment was used to try to keep women from attending college and out of the
workplace.
a. Cholera
b. Dyslexia
c. Neurasthenia
d. Hypoglycemia
e. Diabetes
29. This woman established Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, and inspired many
middle-class women to take a more active role in the “real” world.
a. Susan B. Anthony
b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
c. Dorothea Dix
d. Jane Addams
e. Sojourner Truth
30. Who comprised the largest group employed in factories during the Gilded Age?
a. Women
b. Children
c. Immigrants
d. African Americans
e. Chinese
31. Which of the following best describes child labor in the late nineteenth century?
a. It was common in places such as factories, coal mines, and cotton mills, even though it
was often highly dangerous.
b. It was common in the economically-depressed south but uncommon in the prosperous
northeast.
c. It was uncommon because children were not yet strong enough to handle the large
machines and the fast pace of factory production.
d. It was uncommon because adults refused to subject children to poor working conditions
that could harm their health.
e. It was uncommon because the government enforced laws stipulating that children must
attend school.
32. Before the Civil War, if you were a young child and you had a job, you most likely worked
a. in a textile factory.
b. in a mine.
c. on a farm.
d. on a ship.
e. in a lumberyard.
33. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
a. occurred despite the financial security of railroad workers at the time.
b. showed remarkable bargaining power by an organized labor force.
c. spread across hundreds of cities and towns in the East.
d. demonstrated that women were indifferent to the cause of the protesters.
e. was a small strike against a railroad company in Philadelphia.
34. What was the Sandlot Incident aimed at protesting?
a. High tariffs on Big Business
b. Restrictions on attaining land in the West
c. The hiring of Chinese immigrants
d. Poor living conditions in predominantly Irish neighborhoods
e. The rise of the Knights of Labor
35. This early union was more interested in working to craft state laws important to their
members than directly bargaining with employers.
a. Knights of Labor
b. The Workingmen’s Movement
c. National Labor Union
d. American Federation of Labor
e. American Steel Worker’s Union
36. This national labor organization, led by Terence V. Powderly in 1879, had a broad reform
platform and was ahead of its time in its call for equal pay for men and women.
a. Knights of Labor
b. The Workingmen’s Movement
c. National Labor Union
d. American Federation of Labor
e. American Steel Worker’s Union
37. Which of the following statements about anarchists in 1860–1900 America is accurate?
a. Anarchists advocated government control of economic and social policy.
b. Anarchists were most often members of the middle-class who were dissatisfied with
government policies.
c. Anarchists were typically leaders of Big Business or oversaw various forces of labor.
d. Anarchists were not among those who participated in the Haymarket riot because it
conflicted with their political beliefs.
e. Anarchists advocated self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions and were
often labeled as violent by the middle class.
38. The Knights of Labor’s decline began because of its perceived involvement in
a. the Pinkerton Agency.
b. the Sandlot Incident.
c. the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
d. abolishing child labor.
e. the Haymarket Riot.
39. The Homestead Strike ended with
a. the workers’ union destroyed and their leaders charged with murder and treason.
b. a 10 percent raise in pay for all piece work.
c. the establishment of an 8-hour day.
d. the abolishment of immigrant labor at the plant.
e. the Pinkerton Detective Agency being hired to break up the strike.
40. Eugene V. Debs and the __________ became famous during the __________, which
paralyzed the economies of twenty-seven states and territories making up the western half
of the nation.
a. Pinkerton Agency; Homestead Steel Strike
b. Workingmen’s Union; Sandlot Incident
c. American Railway Union; Pullman Strike
d. International Workers of the World; Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
e. Knights of Labor; Haymarket Riot
41. The end of the Pullman Strike came when
a. the Pinkerton Detective Agency was called in to arrest the protesters.
b. the American economy fell into a depression as a direct result of the loss of labor.
c. the Supreme Court ruled that unions did not have federally protected civil rights.
d. President Cleveland dispatched federal troops to remove train cars from the tracks.
e. the Supreme Court guaranteed the protesters new jobs by establishing new infrastructure
projects.
ESSAY
1. Explain how railroads led the way in the creation of Big Business. Discuss the most
important related railroad entrepreneurs and what impact the expansion of railroads after the
Civil War had on the United States.
2. Argue whether late-nineteenth-century business entrepreneurs were best described as “robber
barons” or “captains of industry.” Why? Discuss specific facts from the actions and
experiences of these individuals to support your position.
3. Write an essay that explores the relationship between Big Business and government in the
late nineteenth century. How did they each support one another? Cite specific examples of
government legislation that supported the development of Big Business and explain. Were
there areas where they came into conflict? Explain any conflict and the results of the conflict.
4. Compare the aims and achievements of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of
Labor. What common ground do they share? What factors help explain their differences?
5. Write an essay exploring the role of women in the late nineteenth century. In what ways were
the roles, attitudes, and expectations for women changing? Why were those changes taking
place? How was society responding to those changes? In what ways did the roles of women
remain the same?
6. What were the social consequences of the rise of Big Business? How did the movement
affect the social classes? Explore the impact on the upper, middle, and lower classes. Discuss
how the movement affected the roles of men, women, and children.
7. What were the major technological advancements of the post–Civil War era? How did these
advancements contribute to the expansion of America’s industrial revolution?
8. Discuss the various major strikes that occurred after the Civil War. Include the Great
Railroad Strike of 1877, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike. What were the
similarities and differences with each?
MATCHING
Match each person with one of the following descriptions.
a. Founded Standard Oil
b. Was president of the Homestead Steel Works
c. Led the Knights of Labor
d. Wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”
e. Was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
f. Led the American Federation of Labor
g. Invented the phonograph
h. Organized Workingmen’s Party of California
i. Consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation
j. Served as a social worker and helped immigrants make the transition to American life
1. Andrew Carnegie
2. Eugene V. Debs
3. Henry Clay Frick
4. Thomas Edison
5. Dennis Kearney
6. J. Pierpont Morgan
7. Terence V. Powderly
8. John D. Rockefeller
9. Samuel Gompers
10. Jane Addams