Chapter 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform, 1800–1860
CORE OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the major changes in the practice of religion in America in the early nineteenth
TRUE/FALSE
1. The massive wave of religious revivals across America around 1800 was called the
Unitarian/Universalist Movement.
2. Mormon leader Joseph Smith was an advocate of “monogamous marriage.”
3. Transcendentalism was the idea that individuals could “transcend” the material world and
discover the “spirit” animating the universe.
4. According to the textbook, the most provocative American writer during the nineteenth
century was Emily Dickinson.
5. The word teetotaler originated with a temperance society’s use of the letter T to signify total
abstinence.
6. A major change in attitudes toward prisons during the 1830s was the idea that prisoners
could not be rehabilitated.
7. A Treatise on Domestic Economy argued that men and women should share equally in
completing the work of the household’s domestic sphere.
8. The Seneca Falls Convention was organized in 1848 to promote women’s rights and issued
a document declaring that “all men and women were created equal.”
9. Horace Mann was a notable promoter of public schools.
10. The successful example of antebellum utopian communities converted many Americans to
socialism.
11. The American Colonization Society established the African nation of Liberia as a new home
for free American blacks.
12. William Lloyd Garrison published a militant anti-slavery newspaper called the Liberator.
13. Frederick Douglass was a black abolitionist.
14. Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of an anti-slavery newspaper and former minister, was murdered in
Illinois by a pro-slavery mob from Missouri when he tried to form an anti-slavery society.
15. The intellectual defenses of slavery in the South admitted that the institution offered no
benefits to blacks.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. During the nineteenth century, many American Christians embraced a more __________
religious outlook than in the past.
a. optimistic and democratic
b. dark and pessimistic
c. separatist
d. simplistic
e. antagonistic and violent
2. Which of the following advocates of religious liberalism believed Jesus to be a saintly but
not divine man?
a. Baptist
b. Anglican
c. Unitarian
d. Presbyterian
e. Lutheran
3. The large wave of religious revivals around the turn the of the nineteenth century is known
as
a. the First Great Awakening.
b. the Second Great Awakening.
c. a Grand Revival.
d. the Concordant of America.
e. the Advent of America.
4. One of the biggest centers of activity during the Second Great Awakening was located in
the __________ portion of the United States.
a. North
b. Midwest
c. Pacific Coast
d. Old Southwest
e. northeastern
5. Backwoods revivals were usually
a. government sponsored.
b. family events.
c. political campaign rallies.
d. important social functions.
e. held in the dark of night because of their clandestine nature.
6. What did nineteenth-century Baptist theology mean by “biblical fundamentalism”?
a. That everyone should understand the fundamentals of the Bible
b. That every word of the Bible was literally true
c. That the Bible contained fundamental truths for daily living
d. That society should adhere to biblical law
e. That the founders had used the Bible as the basis for the Constitution
7. The __________ was a new denomination formed by blacks in the early nineteenth century,
which initiated the first civil rights movement.
a. Missionary Baptist Church
b. Missionary Methodist Church
c. African Methodist Episcopal Church
d. Church of the African Disciples
e. African Disciples of America
8. As described by one of its adherents, __________ was defined as being “a little beyond” the
scope of reason.
a. transcendentalism
b. socialism
c. enlightenment
d. progressivism
e. Romanticism
9. Which of the following would be considered a transcendentalist?
a. Edgar Allen Poe
b. Walt Whitman
c. Nathaniel Hawthorne
d. Emily Dickinson
e. Mark Twain
10. __________ embodied the individual freedom and self-culture aspects of transcendentalism.
a. Ralph Waldo Emerson
b. Henry David Thoreau
c. Nathaniel Hawthorne
d. Elizabeth Peabody
e. Margaret Fuller
11. Inspired by the United States’ declaration of war against Mexico, __________ wrote “Civil
Disobedience.”
a. Ralph Waldo Emerson
b. Henry David Thoreau
c. Nathaniel Hawthorne
d. Elizabeth Peabody
e. Margaret Fuller
12. Thoreau and Emerson portrayed the transcendentalist movement as an expression of
a. hope and change.
b. moral idealism.
c. political correctness.
d. political corruption.
e. societal corruption.
13. In the 1960s Martin Luther King Jr. was influenced by __________ during the Civil Rights
era.
a. Walden
b. Civil Disobedience
c. Life in the Woods
d. Leaves of Grass
e. Brooklyn Eagle
14. How does the textbook describe literature in the United States during the first half of the
nineteenth century?
a. “An incipient pandering to European tastes”
b. “A movement dominated by fiction, with little influential poetry”
c. “A medium unaffected by transcendentalism”
d. “The first great age of American literature”
e. “An attempt at relevancy that doesn’t quite attain”
15. According to the textbook, the most “strikingly original” of the New England poets to
emerge during the Romanticism era was
a. Sheila Jackson Lee.
b. Emily Dickinson.
c. Susan B. Anthony.
d. James Townsend.
e. James Taylor.
16. During the Romanticism era, __________ found some of his work banned in Boston
because of the frankness of his writing.
a. Ralph Waldo Emerson
b. Henry David Thoreau
c. Nathaniel Hawthorne
d. Walt Whitman
e. George Peabody
17. __________ contended that the Second Great Awakening was intended to reform human
society as well as promote individual salvation.
a. William Cobbett
b. John Latrobe
c. Lyman Beecher
d. James Whitman
e. William Kennedy
18. During the mid–nineteenth century evangelical societies sought to organize __________ to
spread the gospel to the children of the working poor.
a. children’s churches
b. urban missionary societies
c. workplace daycares
d. community Bible studies
e. Sunday schools
19. The __________ movement intended to reduce or eradicate the consumption of alcohol in