d. Most of the English public was Calvinist.
e. Martin Luther was a favorite theologian of King Henry VIII.
20. __________ played the most decisive role in helping Europeans gain control of native
peoples.
a. Disease
b. Starvation
c. Tribal rivalries
d. Religion
e. Language
21. Perhaps the greatest cultural advantage enjoyed by the Spanish over the native peoples was
a. bronze weaponry.
b. horses.
c. cannons.
d. cargo ships.
e. better maps.
22. __________ aided the Spanish forces under Hernán Cortés as they defeated and dominated
the Aztec empire during the sixteenth century.
a. The Mexica
b. Chief Tenochtitlán
c. Local Totomac Indians
d. Rapid climate change
e. The French
23. Which of the following correctly describes Hernán Cortés’s efforts to conquer Mexico?
a. Cortés attempted to form alliances with Indians but was unsuccessful.
b. Cortés was unimpressed by Aztec civilization and their capital.
c. Cortés and his men had technological advantages such as steel swords.
d. The fighting lasted approximately a month.
e. Cortés’s greatest obstacle was the strong unity of the Native Americans.
24. Most devastating to the Aztecs in their conflict with Cortés was
a. chicken pox and enslavement.
b. malaria and dysentery.
c. smallpox and starvation.
d. measles and melancholy.
e. diphtheria and overconfidence.
25. What was the encomienda?
a. A large farm or ranch used by the Spanish in California
b. A religious institution for assimilation created by the Catholic church
c. A Spanish economic system used to control African slaves
d. A socioeconomic system that gave control of Indian villages to favored Spanish soldiers
e. A Spanish movement that helped alleviate poverty after the war
26. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Columbian Exchange?
a. This phenomenon focused on the exchange of goods rather than culture.
b. Once they reached Europe, food plants from the New World often were unable to grow.
c. New food crops spurred a population increase in Europe.
d. Native Americans introduced domestic livestock to Europeans.
e. This exchange profited indigenous people more than Europeans due to their better
digestive systems.
27. Which of the following statements correctly describes the plants or animals that were part of
the Columbian Exchange?
a. Pineapples, sassafras, papayas, guavas, avocados, and cacao originated in Europe.
b. The white potato originated in Ireland and increased the health of Native Americans.
c. Rice, wheat, barley, oats, and wine grapes originated in the Americas.
d. Armadillos, opossums, sloths, and hummingbirds were new to Europe.
e. Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, and rats originated in Europe.
28. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Europeans and Native Americans were less different than their crops were.
b. The Columbian Exchange only took place between South America and Europe.
c. The Columbian Exchange did not include Africa.
d. The Columbian Exchange had begun prior to the discovery of the New World.
e. Too many Native American crops were poisonous to Europeans to be helpful.
29. In what crucial way did Europeans benefit from the Columbian Exchange?
a. European food prices rose because of Western imports.
b. There were no longer starving people in Europe because of these new foods.
c. New crops like corn and potatoes helped Europe’s population to grow.
d. Native crops always commanded higher prices than traditional European crops.
e. Europeans now had coffee, rice, and wheat to eat.
30. What were perhaps the most important crops to spread from the Americas to Europe as a
result of Spanish colonization?
a. Wheat and rye
b. Corn and potatoes
c. Rice and beans
d. Peanuts and pecans
e. Indigo and cotton
31. The most devastating aspect of this biological exchange was
a. the transmission of new diseases to Europeans.
b. the transmission of European diseases to Native Americans.
c. the rise in European food prices.
d. the rise in native food prices.
e. a series of shipwrecks with the rise of trading vessels.
32. In 1565, Spanish soldiers founded __________, the first permanent European settlement in
the present-day United States.
a. St. Augustine
b. Jamestown
c. Plymouth
d. San Luis
e. San Salvador
33. In the American Southwest, the Spanish policy was to
a. use Catholic missionaries to assimilate the natives.
b. allow the native peoples to keep their land.
c. follow a policy of religious toleration.
d. mine for silver and gold and ignore agriculture.
e. ignore this area entirely, focusing on Mexico instead.
34. In 1680 an Indian leader in Spanish New Mexico named Popé
a. organized a Catholic conversion movement among the natives of the area.
b. instituted Spanish as the official language in the territory.
c. led his people in the last, and unsuccessful, raid on Spanish settlers.
d. allied with Spanish soldiers in the region to defeat the Comanche.
e. led a deadly rebellion that drove most of the Spanish population out of the territory.
35. Which of these statements accurately describes Spanish success in the Americas?
a. It encouraged other European nations, like England, to explore there as well.
b. It was short term.
c. It never extended beyond Mexico.
d. It was limited to gold mining only.
e. It was, in part, due to their alliance with the French.
36. The Spanish Empire’s __________ were perhaps the greatest motivation for other European
nations, such as France, England, and the Netherlands, to begin exploration and settlement
of the New World.
a. conquests and financial success
b. Christian conversions and oil discoveries
c. North American naval bases
d. enslavement as well as alliances among Native Americans
e. introduction of agriculture and development of new building techniques
37. Privateers from __________ attacked Spanish ships and colonies during the late 1500s in
order to destabilize Spain’s New World empire.
a. Portugal and Italy
b. France, England, and the Netherlands
c. Mexico and South America
d. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
e. Germany and Finland
38. With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, which of the following occurred?
a. Portugal became the dominant power in the Americas.
b. The native peoples were now independent once more.
c. England could now begin colonizing America.
d. Catholicism ended in the Americas for the time being.
e. Europe’s wool market collapsed.
39. Which of the following correctly describes Roanoke Island, the only English colony to be
established in North America during the sixteenth century?
a. A total failure
b. A dramatic success
c. A significant challenge to Spanish dominance
d. An agricultural success
e. A source of wealth in gold and silver
40. Which statement describes the consequences of Spanish colonization in the Americas?
a. Overall, Native Americans’ lives were better because of Spanish colonization.
b. Native Americans were exploited, enslaved, and exterminated by the Spanish.
c. The Spanish aided the natives as often as they could.
d. The Native Americans looked to the Spanish to make their lives better.
e. The Spanish always valued input from the Native Americans.
ESSAY
1. Compare and contrast the Native American cultures that developed in the northern and
southern regions of North America.
2. Describe the biological exchanges between the Old and New Worlds. How did the various
plants, animals, and diseases shape the cultures on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean?
3. Compare and contrast the early colonization efforts of the French, English, and Dutch to
those of the Spanish during the sixteenth century.
4. How did the Protestant Reformation influence European exploration of the New World?
5. Describe how the Protestant Reformation in England differed from the religious reform
efforts on the continent of Europe. How did the changes in England affect English efforts at
colonization in North America?
MATCHING
Match each person or group with one of the descriptions.
a. Conquered the Incan empire
b. Captained the Santa Maria
c. Led the first French colonization efforts in the New World
d. Was the Spanish ruler in New Mexico
e. Led an army of 800 into Mexico in 1519
f. Arrived the earliest in North America
g. Was a French theologian and had a significant impact in England
h. Led a massive rebellion against the Spanish in New Mexico
i. Was a Catholic priest and an outspoken critic of his own church
j. Promoted England’s first colonizing efforts in North America
1. Popé
2. John Calvin
3. Clovis peoples
4. Hernán Cortés
5. Juan de Oñate
6. Jacques Cartier
7. Christopher Columbus
8. Francisco Pizarro
9. Martin Luther
10. Queen Elizabeth I