63. The American Federation of Labor’s founder, Samuel Gompers, used the idea of “freedom of contract” to
a. argue against interference by judges with workers’ right to organize unions.
b. argue for the right of workers to form political parties to shape government.
c. argue for direct confrontation between unions and corporations.
d. justify the exclusion of women and blacks from the American Federation of Labor.
e. explain the American Federation of Labor’s policy of admitting unskilled workers to its union.
64. The ascendancy of the American Federation of Labor during the 1890s reflected
a. the increasing radicalism of the American labor movement.
b. the increasing social conscience in the American population overall.
c. a shift from broad reform goals to more limited goals.
d. the success of the political lobbying efforts of labor organizers.
e. the growing role of women in the union movement.
65. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
a. was a small organization of radical feminists.
b. was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
c. moved from demanding prohibition to women’s suffrage.
d. was a single-issue organization out to ban alcohol.
e. argued that politics was not the place for women.
66. In the 1890s, the National American Woman Suffrage Association
a. supported the right of immigrant women to vote.
b. supported the right of African-American women to vote.
c. was dominated by working-class women.
d. made its peace with nativism and racism.
e. argued that all women, regardless of race or ethnicity, should vote.
67. Native-born middle-class women under the leadership of Carrie Chapman-Catt argued that they deserved the right to vote on
account of their
a. birth in the United States.
b. status as an educated and superior race.
c. feminine sensibilities.
d. service as volunteers during the Civil War.
e. identity as taxpayers.
68. The 1890s is known as the women’s era because
a. they were allowed to hold political office.
b. they voted for the first time.
c. they conquered the private sphere.
d. they gained more economic opportunities.
e. their husbands would increasingly allow them to administer their wages.
69. How did the world see the United States by 1880?
a. as an architect of military alliances
b. as a rising power
c. as being susceptible to attacks by East Asian countries
d. as an exploiter of Africa
e. as a second-rate power
70. American expansionism after the 1890s
a. was largely driven by the desire for expanded overseas trade.
b. was hampered by the continued U.S. observance of the Monroe Doctrine.
c. had little to do with American consumer demand for foreign products.
d. severely depressed the nation’s agricultural and industrial production.
e. was not affected by the development of the railroad.
71. Who believed one of the best ways to civilize “savages” was to turn them into consumers of American products?
a. Alfred T. Mahan
b. Emilio Aguinaldo
c. Walter Rauschenbusch
d. Josiah Strong
e. Mark Twain
72. According to Alfred T. Mahan, the United States needed to do what in order to prosper?
a. invade the interior of Africa
b. increase the size of its navy
c. join an alliance in Europe
d. build factories in China
e. segregate groups in the United States
73. U.S. interest in Alaska originated in a desire for
a. ports to enter the Atlantic Ocean.
b. incorporating the population of Alaska into the United States.
c. an accessible port to the Pacific Ocean.
d. oil reserves.
e. diversified wildlife.
74. Which statement about the Spanish-American War is true?
a. The war lasted only four months and resulted in fewer than 400 U.S. battle casualties.
b. Congress indicated that it was going to war to annex Cuba.
c. The war came as little surprise given the fact that William McKinley campaigned in 1896 on a platform favoring imperial
expansion.
d. Admiral Dewey secured Manila Bay by defeating the Spanish in a bloody three-day battle.
e. The treaty that ended the war granted U.S. citizenship to the peoples of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
75. Had the Teller Amendment been applied to the Philippines and Cuba, how would it have changed the Spanish-American War?
a. Cuba would have become an associated territory as well.
b. The United States would have never fought the Spanish navy at Manila.
c. The Filipino nationalist movement would not have emerged.
d. The United States would have been barred from annexing the archipelago.
e. The United States would have benefited from German weapons imports.
76. Newspapers like the New York Journal and the New York World used sensational accounts to sell more copies. These types of
papers were known as
a. the “new” press.
b. the workers’ press.
c. the “yellow press.”
d. freelancers.
e. the corporate press.
77. Where did the U.S.S. Maine sink?
a. Santo Domingo
b. Havana
c. Boston
d. California
e. New York
78. The Platt Amendment
a. recognized Cuban autonomy.
b. granted independence to Puerto Rico.
c. limited the U.S. presence in the Philippines.
d. authorized military intervention in Cuba.
e. declared Cuba a colony of the United States.
79. Which of the following motivated U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines?
a. the search for raw materials
b. the desire to unravel European empires
c. exclusive access to consumer markets in these territories
d. control of gateways for American commerce
e. These islands harbored a growing number of exiled labor radicals.
80. Which of the following did the Open Door policy most exemplify?
a. the United States’ friendliness toward other nations
b. the United States’ welcoming stance toward immigrants
c. China’s willingness to allow other countries to set up trading posts
d. the United States’ pursuit of markets and investment opportunities
e. China’s willingness to serve as a mediator for warring countries
81. The Philippine War
a. resulted in Filipino independence.
b. was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War.
c. was little debated at the time.
d. was part of the American effort to liberate the Philippines.
e. is well remembered today.
82. After the Spanish-American War, who established the Philippines’ provisional government with a constitution modeled on that
of the United States?
a. José Martí
b. Orville Platt
c. Rudyard Kipling
d. Emilio Aguinaldo
e. Joseph Pulitzer
83. The Platt Amendment gave the United States power to intervene in which of the following countries?
a. Puerto Rico
b. Philippines
c. Dominican Republic
d. Cuba
e. Hawaii
84. What did the term “white man’s burden” mean?
a. Domination of nonwhites by white people was necessary for the progress of civilization.
b. Imperialism required long absences from friends and family back home.
c. The only way to ensure American victory in the Philippine War was for white soldiers to accept black fighters into their
ranks.
d. It was a tongue-in-cheek reference coined by Mark Twain to describe atrocities committed by American troop against
Filipinos.
e. It referred to the heavy kit U.S. soldiers had to carry while on duty.
85. In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court
a. determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would become U.S. citizens in 1904.
b. held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired during the Spanish-American War.
c. determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos were entitled to the same rights as U.S. citizens.
d. held that the annexation of the Philippines violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
e. ruled that the Foraker Act of 1900, which declared Puerto Rico an “insular territory,” was unconstitutional.
86. What is the status of Puerto Rico today?
a. It is a commonwealth controlled by the United States.
b. It has been returned to Spain.
c. It is an independent nation.
d. It elects members to the U.S. Congress.
e. It has established full self-government.
87. President William McKinley justified U.S. annexation of the Philippines on which of the following grounds?
a. The United States needed to kill Filipinos.
b. The United States needed the islands’ cheap labor force.
c. The United States believed the Filipinos were not ready for self-government.
d. The United States needed to Christianize the Filipinos.
e. The United States needed to ensure that the Philippines became an independent democracy.
88. During the “Age of Empire,” American racial attitudes
a. had a global impact.
b. inspired Canada to grant Chinese immigrants equal rights.
c. inspired Australians to grant suffrage to native peoples.
d. influenced South Africans’ decision to abandon apartheid.
e. had a limited impact.
89. How did American racial attitudes shape South African politics?
a. The Union of South Africa followed the model of U.S. segregation with its own system of apartheid.
b. The excesses of U.S. Jim Crow rule inspired the country’s anti-apartheid movement.
c. The transfer of segregationist policies into American foreign affairs triggered a wave of reforms in the Union of South Africa.
d. The sense of shared purpose between the United States and the Union of South Africa led to a close military alliance aimed at
the subjugation of sub-Saharan Africa.
e. As in the United States, South African racial attitudes brought about the rise of a successful civil rights movement.
90. Supporters of the Anti-Imperialist League
a. wanted to civilize “savage” peoples.
b. argued in favor of “benevolent” imperialism.
c. maintained that Filipinos were entitled to U.S. citizenship.
d. argued that Puerto Ricans were entitled to U.S. citizenship.
e. believed that American energies should focus on domestic issues.
91. Which of the following was an argument of anti-imperialists against American expansionism?
a. America did not have the manpower necessary to staff new foreign embassies.
b. The cost of maintaining overseas business outposts would be too high.
c. Empire was incompatible with segregation.
d. White people would leave the United States.
e. American energies should be directed at Europe.
92. Right after the Spanish-American War, what did proponents of American imperialism use to justify their arguments?
a. The United States had a natural curiosity in regard to world cultures.
b. America was a benevolent power that needed to spread liberty.
c. America needed to subjugate “inferior” cultures.
d. The United States needed to focus on gaining access to Europe since most of her immigrants came from this continent.
e. America needed to stop the communists from taking over Russia.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Booker T. Washington
___ 2. Alfred T. Mahan
___ 3. Theodore Roosevelt
___ 4. Emilio Aguinaldo
___ 5. William Jennings Bryan
___ 6. James Weaver
___ 7. Eugene Debs
___ 8. John Marshall Harlan
___ 9. Frances Willard
___ 10. Samuel Gompers
___ 11. William McKinley
___ 12. José Martí
a. advocate of free silver
b. president of the American Railway Union
c. believed politics was the place for women
d. Populist Party presidential candidate
e. advocated vocational training for blacks
f. Supreme Court justice
g. pioneered “business unionism”
h. fought with the Rough Riders
i. led the Filipino insurrection
j. promoted American expansionism via a navy
k. fomented a revolution in Cuba
l. annexed the Philippines
TEST 2
___ 1. “Atlanta Compromise”
___ 2. Teller Amendment
___ 3. disenfranchisement
___ 4. Populist Party
___ 5. Insular Cases
___ 6. WCTU
___ 7. Open Door policy
___ 8. Grandfather clause
___ 9. Plessy v. Ferguson
___ 10. Page Act
___ 11. Platt Amendment
___ 12. Kansas Exodus
a. argued that the Constitution did not apply to territories
b. excluded Chinese women from entering the United States
c. separate, but equal
d. excluded some people from fulfilling the requirements needed to vote
e. the United States was not to annex Cuba
f. politically active farmers
g. gave Asians citizenship under Fourteenth Amendment
h. title of Brooker T. Washington’s speech
i. effort to keep free trade in China
j. campaigned for temperance
k. excluded from voting
l. authorized the United States to intervene in Cuba
TEST 3
___ 1. Platt Amendment
___ 2. open-door policy
___ 3. American Federation of Labor
___ 4. Anti-Imperialist League
___ 5. “Atlanta Compromise”
___ 6. Kansas Exodus
___ 7. Insular Cases
___ 8. disenfranchisement
a. was created to negotiate with employers
b. collection of Supreme Court cases
c. referred to the free movement of goods and money
d. became part of the Cuban constitution and allowed the United States to intervene
e. title of a speech urging blacks to adjust to segregation
f. name given to the migration of a large group of blacks searching for political equality
g. opposed the emergence of the United States as an imperial power
h. laws and practices used to limit the black vote
True/False
1. The Homestead Strike demonstrated that neither a powerful union nor public opinion could influence the conduct of the largest
corporations.
2. Republicans made remarkable efforts to unite black and white small farmers on a common political and economic program.
3. William McKinley championed a government that would help ordinary Americans.
4. Some view L. Frank Baum’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the election of 1896 and its aftermath.
5. Voter turnout decreased after the 1896 election.
6. Blacks owned more land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.
7. In 1896, in the landmark decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court ruled against segregation.
8. By the turn of the twentieth century, the South had built enough high schools to educate the entire black population.
9. New immigrants were welcomed and treated with respect because their labor was desperately needed in the cities.
10. The Chinese in the late nineteenth-century West rarely resisted exclusion laws for fear of mob violence against them.
11. Restricting immigration was regarded as a method to upgrade the “quality” of the population.
12. Booker T. Washington urged blacks to try to combat segregation and become active in political affairs.
13. The American Federation of Labor was very much like the Knights of Labor.
14. The Immigration Restriction League argued that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe could not follow democratic
practices.
15. As a consequence of disfranchising in the South and the enforcement of voting requirements in the North and West, suffrage was
increasingly deemed as a privilege and not a right.
16. Chinese demands for equal rights forced the Supreme Court to use the Fourteenth Amendment to rule that children of Chinese
immigrants were U.S. citizens by birthright.
17. Through a network of women’s clubs, temperance associations, and social reform organizations, women exerted a growing
influence on public affairs.
18. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union was a small but effective organization that won the vote for women in many of the
Midwestern states.
19. In “Deporting Mohammedans,” William Birney outlined the negative implications of allowing Muslims to enter the country.
20. In 1880, the United States was a first-rate power.
21. The “new imperialism” involved European colonial powers seeking to consolidate their domination of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
in the name of “civilization.”
22. In 1893, American sugar growers orchestrated the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, paving the way for the U.S. annexation of
Hawaii in 1898.
23. The depression that began in 1893 heightened the belief that a more aggressive foreign policy was necessary to stimulate
American exports.
24. American interest in its new possessions had to do with wanting wealth from natural resources and large-scale American
settlement.
25. After the Spanish-American War, the United States fought a much longer and deadlier war against the Filipinos in order to subdue
the island for annexation.
26. Filipino resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo established a nationalist provisional government tied to principles rooted in
communism.
27. The notion of the “white man’s burden” inspired a sense of fraternity among Anglo-Saxon nations.
28. In 1898, the American system of government had no provision for permanent colonies.
29. Brooks Adams’s book The New Empire (1902) predicted that because of its economic power, the United States would soon
“outweigh any single empire, if not all empires combined.”
Short Answer
1. Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. U.S.S. Maine
2. Populists
13. Platt Amendment
2. In the 1880s and 1890s, the Civil War came to be recalled as a “tragic family quarrel among whites in which blacks had played no
significant part.” Who created this imagery of the Civil War and with what purpose?
3. Who was Ida B. Wells and what was she determined to do when she moved to the North?
Essay
1. The strife at Homestead reflected broader battles over American freedom during the 1890s. Defend this statement.
2. Explain why Americans increasingly came to feel that they were being denied economic independence and democratic self-
government during the late nineteenth century.
3. How did the Populists seek to rethink the relationship between freedom and government to address the crisis of the 1890s? Why
was their platform considered radical? How did their platform seek to guarantee freedom?
4. Chronicle the process that developed in the South of chipping away the freedoms granted to blacks during Reconstruction. Con-
sider how the Civil War was remembered by white America. By 1900, what conditions did African-Americans in the South face?
How did they respond to these conditions?
5. By 1900, who was entitled to fully enjoy the blessings of American liberty? Be sure to include in your answer blacks, women, labor,
immigrants, and colonial subjects.
6. America became involved in the Pacific region in the latter half of the nineteenth century because of commerce. Defend this
statement.
7. Analyze the consequences of American rule in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Did the citizens prosper? Enjoy freedom? Accept
American rule? Comment on the consequences for the United States with regard to the statement made by Eric Foner in the text: “Thus,
two principles central to American freedom since the War of Independence—no taxation without representation and government based
on the consent of the governed—were abandoned when it came to the nation’s new possessions.”
8. Explain the controversy that the war in the Philippines and the annexation of the Philippines triggered over the relationship be-
tween political democracy, race, and American citizenship.
9. Discuss some of the freedoms and restrictions experienced by American women after 1880. How did some women’s lives seem to
change for the better, while others’ did not? How would you explain the disparity of their situations? Support your answer with
specific examples from the text.
10. Discuss the many obstacles faced by Chinese immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth century. Among the immigrant
groups arriving in the United States, how were arrivals from China singled out for particular discrimination by Americans? Why do
you think the Chinese received such unique treatment?
11. The emergence of the United States as an imperial power inspired much debate among Americans. Briefly explain how the United
States arrived at this status and how opponents and supporters of imperialism responded to the change.
1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.