c. Individualism was strictly un-American.
d. The key to living as an individual was division of labor between interconnected parties.
e. “Individual” was another word for “traitor.”
72. During the first half of the nineteenth century, individualism
a. came under attack from Henry David Thoreau.
b. was defined in a way that distinguished it completely from the idea of privacy.
c. hampered efforts to spread democracy because it reduced interest in suffrage.
d. was rooted in the idea of self-sufficiency.
e. was a subject on which all transcendentalists agreed.
73. According to John O’Sullivan, the “manifest destiny” of the United States to occupy North America could be traced to
a. the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
b. a divine mission.
c. the Adams-Onís Treaty.
d. the War of 1812.
e. federal treaties with Indian nations.
74. What qualities did the British writer Harriet Martineau and the French writer Alexis de Tocqueville find notable about Americans in
the 1830s?
a. their ethnic and racial diversity
b. their literacy level and the sophistication of their political discourse
c. their religious piety and biblical knowledge
d. their energy and materialism
e. the informality of their dress and manners
75. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two prominent members of
a. the American Methodist Church.
b. the Massachusetts state legislature.
c. the transcendentalist movement.
d. the early labor movement.
e. the nativist movement.
76. Which of the following was a focus of the transcendentalist movement?
a. freeing the individual from social constraints
b. reforming the American character through education
c. organizing factory workers to improve pay and working conditions
d. providing safe havens for escaped slaves
e. encouraging settlement west of the Mississippi
77. Which of the following was a theme of Henry David Thoreau’s Walden?
a. the ways in which the market revolution had damaged the natural environment
b. a celebration of the American West as a bastion of freedom
c. the responsibility each person had to choose between a sinful life and a righteous one
d. a condemnation of the selfishness of the wealthy
e. the need for legislation to protect worker’s rights
78. Henry David Thoreau believed that
a. economic independence was essential for freedom.
b. genuine freedom lay within the individual.
c. the market revolution brought freedom to many.
d. true freedom was not obtainable.
e. government was the ultimate expression of freedom.
79. Which is true of the Second Great Awakening?
a. Popular transcendentalist speakers revived interest in Deism.
b. The movement was largely confined to the northeastern states.
c. Its religious ideals complemented the secular focus on self-reliance and self-improvement.
d. It consolidated religious leadership into the hands of a few powerful ministers in each region.
e. Its focus on self-restraint and simple living counteracted the force of the market revolution.
80. Which was typical of the preaching of Charles Grandison Finney?
a. triumphant celebration of the economic success of the American nation
b. warnings of the torments of hell and a call to repent
c. references to figures and stories from classical Greek literature
d. military analogies that characterized each soul as locked in a war with the devil
e. a focus on the moral imperative of abolishing slavery
81. Which denomination enjoyed the largest membership in the United States by the 1840s?
a. Methodist
b. Roman Catholic
c. Quaker
d. Presbyterian
e. Episcopal
82. The Second Great Awakening
a. promoted the belief that individuals were free to shape their own spiritual destinies.
b. conflicted with the communal ethos of the market revolution.
c. only appealed to elite Americans.
d. reduced the importance of Christianity in American culture.
e. refers to the ascendance of Catholicism as the dominant religion in the United States.
83. The Book of Mormon states that
a. Joseph Smith was divine.
b. the second coming of Christ would occur in Europe.
c. Native Americans were descended from people from the Middle East.
d. Joseph Smith’s visions were untrue.
e. the market revolution needed more infrastructure to be successful.
84. What is the role of Joseph Smith in the Mormon religion?
a. head of a family who, with God’s guidance, traveled from the ancient Middle East to the Americas
b. prophet who predicted that the Second Coming of Christ, and the end of the world, would occur in 1841
c. leader of an exodus of people seeking religious freedom to the shores of the Great Salt Lake
d. translator of the Bible into three dozen known Native American languages
e. prophet who, though divine intervention, received the Book of Mormon
85. How did Mormonism challenge societal norms?
a. The Mormon leadership wanted to allow women in leadership positions.
b. The Mormons came to endorse the doctrine of polygamy.
c. The Mormons believed that Jesus Christ never existed.
d. The Mormons believed the Native Americans came from East Asia and brought Buddhism.
e. The Mormons used alcohol in religious services.
86. Why was Joseph Smith driven from New York State?
a. his claims of having communicated with an angel
b. his embrace of polygamy
c. his role in a riot that destroyed an anti-Mormon newspaper
d. the Mormon practice of posthumous baptism
e. the Mormon practice of admitting African-Americans to the church
87. John Jacob Astor, who seemed to exemplify the “self–made man,”
a. turned out to be a fraud, for it was discovered he counterfeited much of his fortune.
b. used his great wealth to finance the North during the Civil War.
c. made huge profits from distributing the machines built by Thomas Rodgers.
d. began his economic ascent through the purchase of Philadelphia real estate.
e. became wealthy by trading goods between the United States and China.
88. The market revolution led to the rise of a new middle class. By the early 1820s, approximately how many physicians lived in the
United States?
a. 50
b. 600
c. 2,000
d. 5,500
e. 10,000
89. Which event led to the establishment of the African Methodist Episcopal Church?
a. Richard Allen was refused admission to Princeton Seminary because of his color
b. Richard Allen was forcibly removed from praying at the altar rail at his former place of worship.
c. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations merged following a conference in Philadelphia in 1829.
d. Frederick Douglass committed a generous grant for the establishment of a black northern church.
e. Charles Grandison Finney delivered a series of lectures calling for a black American church.
90. Which statement describes the status of free people of color during the market revolution?
a. They were embraced by northern craft guilds.
b. White employers only employed black workers in menial positions.
c. They sought opportunities available in the West.
d. They suffered economically and thus emigrated to Canadian cities.
e. They were increasingly employed as skilled laborers and artisans.
91. During the first half of the nineteenth century, free black Americans
a. could not, under federal law, obtain public land.
b. found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement.
c. rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites.
d. joined with white artisans in biracial unions that successfully struck for higher wages.
e. formed predominantly upper-middle-class communities in the North.
92. Which represents the experience of free blacks in the North during the period of the market revolution?
a. Even skilled workers faced limited economic opportunities.
b. An economically successful, but politically weak, middle class of black doctors and lawyers developed.
c. The return of the practice of apprenticeships made many free blacks effective slaves to their employers.
d. Free blacks comprised the majority of factory workers in Philadelphia and Baltimore.
e. Populations of free blacks in the East plummeted as many migrated west to secure free government land.
93. Which of the following meets the ideals embodied by the “cult of domesticity”?
a. two widows living together to help support one another
b. an unmarried female factory worker
c. an independent woman writer
d. a female minister
e. a wife who was submissive to her husband in all important decisions
94. Which statement is true about the mid-nineteenth–century phenomenon known as the “cult of domesticity”?
a. The household gained prominence as the center of economic production, and women, as a result, exercised more economic
power than ever before.
b. The ideal middle-class home became a porous, semi-public sphere, merged with the competitive tensions of the market
economy.
c. Birth rates increased among middle-class women, who embraced their new role as rulers of the household.
d. Women were no longer expected to embody submission, frailty, or sexual innocence.
e. While men moved freely between public and private spheres, women were expected to remain within the private domestic
realm.
95. What came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women?
a. freedom
b. liberty
c. virtue
d. family
e. temperance
96. How did the ideals represented by the cult of domesticity differ from feminine ideals of the eighteenth century?
a. They acknowledged that women had a role to play in the market economy as the “holders of the purse strings” in the family.
b. They focused on the dangers that might befall women—such as falling into prostitution—who gave into their passions.
c. They encouraged women to be emotionally distant from their husbands, so that men would be more free to participate in the
market economy.
d. They represented a shift into a purely private world, dominated by the family and emotion.
e. They lifted the burden of household work from married women and shifted it to young, unmarried women, many of them
immigrants.
97. Which is evidence of women’s power over family affairs during the nineteenth century?
a. the practice of women signing contracts with domestic servants without consulting their husbands
b. a rise in the popularity of books and magazines written for a female audience
c. an increase in church attendance
d. declining birth rates
e. the idea that women should contribute to the “family wage”
98. Which is true of the popular book The Frugal Housewife?
a. It promised economic success to women who took in piecework at home.
b. It was actually written by a man, using a pen name.
c. It depicted the household as a prison that women needed to escape.
d. It was written by the wife of Charles Grandison Finney.
e. It had a chapter titled “How to Endure Poverty.”
99. What was culturally expected of a white middle-class woman in the period from 1800 to 1840?
a. She would pursue a college education before marriage.
b. Once her children were in school, she would take a job outside the home to supplement the family’s disposable income.
c. She would give birth to 6–10 children, in order to increase the population.
d. She would find fulfillment by focusing her energies on her family and home.
e. She would be responsible for producing the daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required.
100. What choice best describes the concept of a “family wage”?
a. All members of the family over the age of twelve should contribute to the family income.
b. The male head of household should earn enough to support his wife and children.
c. Husband and wife should contribute equally to the family income.
d. Domestic servants should be paid decently because they are essentially members of the family.
e. Women should retain control over family bookkeeping so that men can maximize their working hours.
101. In Northeast cities during the market revolution,
a. neighborhoods became more ethnically mixed.
b. the wealth gap between the rich and poor significantly widened.
c. population declined.
d. wealth inequality declined.
e. political corruption declined.
102. The Workingmen’s Parties of the late 1820s attempted to mobilize support for candidates who would
a. press for free public education.
b. create legislation limiting the workday to eight hours.
c. end the existence of unions.
d. support a five-dollar hourly minimum wage.
e. create rehabilitation programs in debtors’ prisons.
103. What modern example fulfills the goals of the Workingmen’s Parties?
a. Machinery being used to handle boring and repetitive jobs in a factory.
b. The president intervening in a strike in order to keep the transportation system running.
c. Congress raising the federal minimum wage.
d. A company downsizing to increase its profits and its payments to shareholders.
e. Nurses working three twelve-hour shifts per week, with four days off.
104. In his essay “The Laboring Classes,” Orestes Brownson argued that
a. wealth and labor were at war.
b. each worker’s problems had to be understood individually.
c. government was the cause of workers’ problems.
d. workers were lazy and easily tempted by alcohol.
e. workers had achieved true freedom thanks to free enterprise.
105. The women who protested during the Shoemakers’ Strike in Lynn compared their condition to that of
a. indentured servants.
b. slaves.
c. Irish immigrants.
d. religious dissenters.
e. Indians.
106. How did Langdon Byllesby, a labor spokesman from Philadelphia, describe wage labor?
a. as “a dying institution”
b. as a “complicated and divisive system, from which we may never recover”
c. as the “cornerstone of economic prosperity”
d. as “essential to American freedom”
e. as the “very essence of slavery”
107. What did Noah Webster’s American Dictionary define as “a state of exemption from the power or control of another”?
a. masculinity
b. individualism
c. artisanship
d. freedom
e. weakness
108. The idea of leveling the playing field between worker and management was best personified in the writings of which American?
a. Karl Marx
b. Ralph Waldo Emerson
c. Orestes Brownson
d. Henry David Thoreau
e. Joseph Smith
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Robert Fulton
___ 2. Richard Allen
___ 3. Lydia Maria Child
___ 4. Roger Taney
___ 5. John O’Sullivan
___ 6. Charles Grandison Finney
___ 7. John Jacob Astor
___ 8. Cyrus McCormick
___ 9. Ralph Waldo Emerson
___ 10. Samuel Slater
___ 11. Orestes Brownson
___ 12. John Deere
a. Supreme Court chief justice
b. transcendentalist
c. coined the term “manifest destiny”
d. established America’s first factory
e. steamboat innovator
f. African Methodist Episcopal Church
g. steel plow
h. self-made millionaire
i. preacher in New York
j. reaper
k. The Frugal Housewife
l. called for a radical change in the wage labor system
TEST 2
___ 1. Second Great Awakening
___ 2. cult of domesticity
___ 3. corporation
___ 4. transcendentalism
___ 5. slave coffles
___ 6. Commonwealth v. Hunt
___ 7. cotton gin
___ 8. American System
___ 9. manifest destiny
___ 10. virtue
___ 11. Erie Canal
___ 12. nativism
a. a celebration of the home
b. revolutionized American slavery
c. mass production of interchangeable parts
d. a personal moral quality associated with women
e. a belief that American expansion was divinely appointed
f. religious revival
g. a decree that labor organization was legal
h. a literary and philosophical movement
i. groups chained together while migrating to the Deep South
j. a chartered entity that has rights and liabilities distinct from those of its members
k. prejudice against immigrants
l. waterway linking New York City to the Great Lakes
True/False
1. The catalyst for the market revolution was a series of innovations in transportation and communication.
2. In 1800, most farm families focused on a single cash crop and bought most household goods at general stores.
3 Turnpikes made owners wealthy, causing resentment against them as a class of entrepreneurs.
4 In 1825, the Erie Canal was more than ten times longer than any other existing canal in America.
ANS: T TOP: A New Economy DIF: Moderate
REF: Full p. 309 | Seagull p. 330 MSC: Understanding
OBJ: 1. Identify the main elements of the market revolution.
5. In 1860, approximately 1,000 miles of telegraph wire were operational in the United States, almost all of it in New York City.
6. During the period from 1810 to 1840, national boundaries prevented Americans from settling in Texas or Florida.
7. To satisfy the need for slave labor in the Cotton Kingdom, an estimated 1 million slaves were relocated to the Deep South from
the older slave states between 1800 and 1860.
8. Cincinnati and St. Louis grew rapidly due to interregional trade.
9. Because an English law forbade the export of machinery blueprints, Samuel Slater memorized the plans for the power-driven
spinning jenny before immigrating to America.
10. By the 1850s, Massachusetts had become the second most industrialized region of the world, after Great Britain.
11. Even though the days were long at New England textile factories, the girls were still allowed significant autonomy as to when
they took their breaks and how long they took for lunch and dinner.
12. Irish immigrants tended to be more skilled than the German immigrants arriving around the same time.
13. Irish immigrants were particularly troubling to some Americans in the 1840s because of their religion.
14. John O’Sullivan coined the term “manifest destiny” to describe America’s divinely appointed mission to settle all of North
America.
15. Henry David Thoreau celebrated the innovations of the market revolution.
16. The religious revivals of the early nineteenth century were originally organized by established religious leaders alarmed by the
low levels of church attendance in the young republic.
17. The Second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses.
18. Joseph Smith never made it to Utah with his Mormon followers.
19. John Jacob Astor was seen as an example of the “self–made man.”
20. The market revolution produced a new middle class.
21. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was founded as a place of worship for white slave traders while in Africa.
22. Women and blacks fully enjoyed the fruits of the market revolution.
23. One significant way that blacks were able to enjoy economic independence was by settling in the West on federally provided
public land.
24. For middle-class women in the nineteenth century, not working was viewed as a badge of freedom.
25. There was a significant increase in the American birthrate during the nineteenth century.
26. During the market revolution, the separation of classes shrunk as wealth was more evenly distributed.
27. The market revolution resulted in economic leveling, with a significant decline in economic inequality occurring between 1800
and 1840 in the Northeast.
28. Despite the fact that the first Workingman’s Parties had been established by the 1820s, strikes were still very uncommon in the
1830s.
29. As the market revolution took on steam, some critics described wage labor as the very essence of slavery.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. factory system
2. individualism
3. corporations
Essay
1. The Marquis de Lafayette, who fought for American independence and revisited the United States fifty years later, wrote, “I would
never have drawn my sword in the cause of America if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of slavery.” What
might Lafayette have seen in 1824 America that would impel him to make such a statement? How had slavery evolved? Was it expand-
ing? How entrenched in American life was it at this time?
2. Explain how improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious
region of the new nation. Discuss the internal borderlands within the West.
3. Discuss the impact of the market revolution on women and African-Americans (both free and slave).
4. Explain the shift from artisan to factory worker, and discuss the factory system. What were the advantages and disadvantages?
Who was left out? Who benefited? What were some ways in which workers responded?
5. Thoroughly describe the arguments made that linked American freedom to westward expansion. Who or what were obstacles to
freedom in the pursuit of expansion? How did Americans deal with those obstacles?
6. Explain how transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening affected the definitions of freedom. How were both movements a
response to the market revolution?
7. What do historians mean when they assert that the Second Great Awakening “democratized” American Christianity? What are the
strengths and weaknesses of that assertion?
8. Comment on what Alexis de Tocqueville meant when he said that Americans “combine the notions of Christianity and of liberty
so intimately in their minds that it is impossible to make them conceive the one without the other.” How accurate do you think that
observation was?
9. Some women worked in the mills, relishing the freedom and independence they felt away from the farm for the first time, while
others developed a cult of domesticity, thinking themselves free to not have to work outside the home. Compare the meaning of
freedom for these two groups of women. Think back to previous chapters and compare the role of women during the market revo-
lution with the “republican motherhood” role of women during the American Revolution.
10. One German newcomer wrote that “there aren’t any masters [in America], here everyone is a free agent.” How accurate a state-
ment was that? Why would a German immigrant view America as free? Do you think an Irish immigrant would feel the same way
about America? Why or why not?
11. During the Revolutionary period, virtue was considered an essential component of a male’s character for the survival of the republic.
The founding fathers often spoke of a virtuous citizenry as the key to liberty and freedom taking hold. Fifty years later, however, vir-
tue had shifted to become a character sought after in women. Describe why this shift occurred and what consequences resulted.