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c. The revivals inspired a renewed sense of national unity.
d. The revivals helped to expand the circulation of newspapers and pamphlets in the colonies.
e. The revivals inspired slaves to cling more closely to their African religions.
70. Which eighteenth-century figure was considered the embodiment of Enlightenment ideals?
a. Benjamin Franklin
b. George Whitefield
c. Jonathan Edwards
d. Father Junípero Serra
e. Olaudah Equiano
71. Which human capability did Enlightenment thinkers consider to be of the greatest importance?
a. religious enthusiasm
b. respect for authority
c. human reason
d. sacrifice for the greater good
e. bravery in battle
72. Which idea was shared by Deists and eighteenth-century European Enlightenment thinkers?
a. Obedience to the authority of the church was necessary for an ordered society.
b. Humanity was innately sinful.
c. Scientific laws governed the natural order
d. There was no God.
e. Only divine revelation could lead humanity to truth.
73. What was the Great Awakening at least in part a response to?
a. the growth of rationalism and lack of individual engagement in church services
b. the highly emotional nature of the services of nearly all existing Christian churches
c. the refusal of established churches to levy taxes despite declining funds
d. the focus on the torments of hell in the sermons of establishment preachers
e. the dominance of the New Lights in religious circles for most of colonial history
74. Who pioneered an extremely emotional style of preaching?
a. Jonathan Edwards
b. George Whitefield
c. John Locke
d. John Winthrop
e. John Peter Zenger
75. The most famous Great Awakening revivalist minister was
a. John Locke.
b. George Whitefield.
c. Cotton Mather.
d. John Peter Zenger.
e. James Oglethorpe.
76. What aspects of the Great Awakening did its critics tend to focus on?
a. They rejected its calls to eliminate religion as part of daily life in the colonies.
b. They rejected its embrace of predestination and claim that God was both male and female.
c. They disapproved of the resulting cohesiveness of the church and thought it should have numerous offshoots.
d. They disapproved of its references to Catholic saints and embrace of the pope’s teachings.
e. They disapproved of its lack of respect for established churches and “disorderly” emotionalism.
77. Which aspect of the Great Awakening had significant political influence?
a. its widespread condemnation of slavery
b. its focus on science over religious emotionalism
c. its view of wealth above all as evidence of God’s favor
d. its condemnation of alcohol
e. its focus on the individual’s independent judgment
78. How did Enlightenment thinking influence the Spanish treatment of Indians?
a. Reformers recommended moving the Comanche out of Texas.
b. There was a call for more humane treatment of Indians.
c. It was strongly suggested that the Spanish leave New Spain.
d. Reformers pushed for an increase in missions.
e. It led to a much larger military presence in Texas.
79. Why did Spain find it difficult to establish effective control over New Mexico and Texas?
a. rivalry with the Franciscan missions
b. the strength and hostility of the Pueblo Indians
c. the combination of too many settlers migrating there and limited resources
d. because France controlled most of Texas
e. the small number of Spanish citizens living in these locations
ry.
80. What was Spain’s “Sacred Experiment” in California?
a. It was a new strategy for converting Indians.
b. It was an attempt to halt Russian incursions.
c. It was mining for gold and silver.
d. It involved a military strategy to weaken the Indians.
e. It called for Enlightenment ideas to be implemented.
81. For his missionary work Junípero Serra was
a. rewarded by the Lutheran church.
b. condemned by the Spanish government.
c. made an honorary chief among Native Americans.
d. eventually made a saint by the Catholic Church.
e. attacked by the French.
82. Which of these steps was/were most important to the Spanish when establishing their presence in California?
a. the displacement of Native American populations
b. roads between California and their other colonies
c. the creation of missions and presidios
d. agriculture through forced labor
e. keeping the British from settling on their territory
83. Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the Spanish missions in California in the eighteenth century
such as that of Father Junipero Serra?
a. Native practices such as traditional dancing and healing became major offenses punishable by death.
b. Native populations declined by more than a third due to exposure to disease and environmental changes.
c. The Spanish missionaries forged a partnership with newly arrived Russian settlers in California based on trade.
d. The Catholic Church rejected the harsh treatment of Native Americans by mission leaders such as Serra and excommunicated
them.
e. Spanish priests developed a close relationship with nearby Native Americans such that they were equal partners.
84. In the eighteenth century, Texas and California were
a. peripheral to the Spanish empire when compared to possessions in Central and South America and the Caribbean.
b. ceded by the Spanish to the British in the 1763 Peace of Paris Agreement.
c. the economic centers of the Spanish empire in North America.
d. not part of any European empire.
e. the only remaining French colonies in North America after 1763.
85. The French in North America
a. had a rapidly expanding empire due to France’s widespread encouragement of migration.
b. refused to compete with the British due to strong alliances.
c. won control of the Ohio Valley in the Seven Years’ War.
d. were greatly outnumbered by the British on the continent.
e. were notorious for their poor relations with Native Americans.
86. Which of these factors contributed to a lower number of French immigrants to North America?
a. fewer ships with which to sail to the Americas
b. lower chance of survival
c. the inability of most of the French to hunt and farm
d. a restriction of access to the New World by the French monarchy
e. the feeling that the Americas were meant for exile
87. What was the significance of the Ohio Valley during the eighteenth century?
a. Large numbers of escaped slaves from the Middle Colonies treated it as a haven and established a lasting settlement there.
b. Both the British and the French respected it as Cherokee territory, creating a precedent for Native American land ownership.
c. The discovery of precious metals elsewhere led to a drastic decline in the population of this area and a decrease of interest in
the frontier.
d. Caught in imperial rivalries, it was viewed as a lush and promising location for future white settlement.
e. It was the preferred area of settlement for “crypto-Jews” in North America and attracted many Spaniards.
88. The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that
a. the Indians along the frontier finally had to be subdued.
b. France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company.
c. they had to aid the English, who were fighting Napoleon in Europe.
d. taxes were too high, so they solicited help from both the French and the Indians.
e. French Jesuits were converting too many Indians to Catholicism.
89. The English finally succeeded in defeating the French in the Seven Years’ War thanks to the leadership of
a. George Washington.
b. Edward Braddock.
c. Robert Carter.
d. John Locke.
e. William Pitt.
90. What was a consequence of the Seven Years War on native cultures?
a. It bolstered support for and interest among some Indians in a pan-Indian identity.
b. It inspired large-scale conversions to Christianity among native tribes.
c. It strengthened the alliance between the Indians of the Ohio Valley and the British.
d. It led to two decades of near-constant fighting among the tribes of the Ohio Valley.
e. It caused groups like the Iroquois to experience more autonomy than ever before.
91. What did Neolin tell his people they must reject?
a. a pan-Indian identity
b. European technology and material goods
c. the enslavement of Africans
d. an alliance with the French
e. the use of English in trade negotiations
92. Why was the Proclamation of 1763 difficult to enforce?
a. Most Native American tribes did not agree with the policy.
b. The colonial assemblies wanted to avoid wars with Native Americans.
c. It involved such a large geographical area.
d. The French refused to leave forts in the Ohio Valley.
e. It involved taxes the colonists refused to pay.
93. What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
a. to end the slave trade
b. to protect the Indians
c. to open more land for settlement
d. to bring stability to the colonial frontier
e. to prohibit Catholicism in the territory newly acquired from France
94. The revolt against British rule by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, known as Pontiac’s Rebellion,
a. reflected a disintegration of a long-standing pan-Indian identity.
b. was opposed by the Delaware prophet Neolin.
c. led Britain to issue the Proclamation of 1763.
d. led Britain to accelerate colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
e. ended conflict between Native Americans and English colonists.
95. What was one outcome of the Seven Years’ War in Pennsylvania?
a. Relationships between colonists and Indians improved.
b. Indians took over the government for five years.
c. The Quaker elite lost power.
d. Colonists promised to treat Indians less severely.
e. Indian enemies were persecuted, but Indian allies were rewarded.
96. What was the purpose of Scarouyady’s 1765 “Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council”?
a. to negotiate a treaty to establish Oneida territory in northwest Pennsylvania
b. to pledge the assistance of the Oneida in fighting the French
c. to distinguish the Oneida as the friend of white men, unlike other hostile tribes
d. to claim compensation for the seizure of Oneida land by white settlers
e. to oppose the construction of the fort at Shamokin because it would be on sacred Oneida ground
97. In his 1765 “Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council,” what does Scarouyady urge the Pennsylvania colonists to do in regard
to the Delaware Indians and the Six Nations?
a. to convert these groups to Christianity so that they will achieve salvation
b. to defeat these groups militarily in order to establish the dominance of the colonists
c. to treat these groups with respect because they were sure to defeat the colonists
d. to put down their weapons and abandon their colonies by fleeing to the West
e. to reject their own way of life and officially join these tribes by adopting their practices
98. What right does Pontiac claim for Indians in his 1762 and 1763 speeches?
a. the right to vote alongside British colonists
b. the right to take scalps while waging war
c. the right to buy and sell land freely for a large profit
d. the right to purchase weapons from white men
e. the right to occupy the land of their traditional territories
99. In his 1762 and 1763 speeches, what does Pontiac portray as the wishes of the Great Spirit and the Master of Life, as told to the
prophet Neolin?
a. the military defeat of the white man
b. peaceful coexistence of the Indians and white men
c. the adoption of white customs as a means of encouraging Indian prosperity
d. the reliance of the Indians on bread, pork, and beef
e. an epidemic that will decimate white populations
100. During the French and Indian War, how did the Quakers uphold their principles?
a. They asked for a holiday to honor William Penn.
b. They declared war due to aggressive French incursions into Pennsylvania.
c. They urged that all Native Americans be removed from Pennsylvania.
d. They praised the middle ground because it brought wealth to Pennsylvanians.
e. They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats.
101. What did the Paxton Boys demand?
a. that liquor not be banned in Georgia
b. that slave codes be tightened in New York
c. that the Indians be removed from Pennsylvania
d. that the French be hanged in Quebec
e. that John Peter Zenger be tried for treason
102. Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union?
a. George Washington
b. Benjamin Franklin
c. William Pitt
d. John Peter Zenger
e. Thomas Jefferson
103. Why were colonial assemblies critical of the Albany Plan of Union?
a. They felt it went against Enlightenment ideas on free trade.
b. They feared repercussions from the French.
c. They wanted to work as individual colonies to establish better relations with the Native Americans.
d. They felt their respective colonial assemblies would lose power.
e. They believed it would slow the influence of the Great Awakening.
104. Which one of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years’ War?
a. strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire
b. the founding of the new colony of Ohio in territory acquired from France
c. a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America
d. the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union
e. increased popularity of the Anglican Church among ordinary colonists
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Olaudah Equiano
___ 2. James Oglethorpe
___ 3. Pontiac
___ 4. Benjamin Franklin
___ 5. William Pitt
___ 6. Jonathan Edwards
___ 7. Junípero Serra
___ 8. John Peter Zenger
___ 9. George Whitefield
___ 10. John Locke
___ 11. William Cosby
___ 12. Trenchard and Gordon
a. was a German-born printer of a colonial weekly journal
b. was a Great Awakening preacher
c. survived the Middle Passage
d. founded the first mission in San Diego
e. founded the colony of Georgia
f. served as the British prime minister
g. was an Ottawa war leader
h. wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
i. was an English Enlightenment political philosopher
j. founded the Junto, a club for mutual improvement
k. wrote Cato’s Letters
l. was a victim of Zenger’s pen
TEST 2
___ 1. Middle Passage
___ 2. Gullah
___ 3. Evangelists
___ 4. Maroons
___ 5. deference
___ 6. Proclamation of 1763
___ 7. asiento
___ 8. Republicanism
___ 9. Deism
___ 10. Old Lights
___ 11. Stono Rebellion
___ 12. Comanche
a. ran away as slaves and waged warfare against British authorities in Jamaica
b. traveled to preach religious revivalism
c. was a language that mixed various African roots
d. prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachians
e. was the ship voyage for slaves from Africa to the New World
f. was an agreement subcontracting to a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America
g. as religious traditionalists, did not support revivalism
h. was the assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office
i. was a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws
j. celebrated virtuous elite giving themselves to public service
k. was one of the nomadic tribes that controlled much of the land claimed by Spain
l. was an incident that involved conflict between slaves and whites in South Carolina and led to new legislation
True/False
1. Recent scholarship has suggested that Olaudah Equiano may have been born in the New World rather than in Africa.
2. In the eighteenth century, no one foresaw that the American colonies would one day eclipse the mother country in population and
wealth.
3. In the eighteenth century, the transatlantic slave trade was a vital part of world commerce.
4. Northern colonial ports in New York and Massachusetts actively participated in the slave trade.
5. The majority of slaves during the Middle Passage died on the ship transporting them across the Atlantic.
6. Three distinct types of slavery developed in the thirteen colonies.
7. In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, race took on greater importance over time, and whites increasingly considered free blacks
dangerous and undesirable.
8. Africans had experience cultivating rice in Africa and helped the English settlers grow it in the South.
9. In the early eighteenth century, only one-quarter of the northern urban elite owned at least one slave.
10. Most slaves in eighteenth-century British America were born in the colonies.
11. On the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia, the birthrate of slaves was high.
12. Most Britons believed that the king was above the law.
13. John Locke believed that slaves could not be considered part of civil society.
14. Compared with the seventeenth century, colonial politics in the eighteenth century saw far more crises, scandals, and violent
struggles for power.
15. A higher percentage of the population in Britain enjoyed suffrage as compared to the American colonies.
16. In the northern colonies the law did not prohibit blacks from voting but local custom did.
17. Colonial governors, more than colonial assemblies, curbed freedom of the press.
18. Deists pioneered an emotional form of Christian worship focused on a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.
19. Religious fundamentalism was on the rise throughout the world in the eighteenth century.
20. The religious emotionalism of the Great Awakening was confined to the American colonies in the mid-eighteenth century.
21. Father Junípero Serra is recognized as a humane leader who negotiated treaties that recognized the rights of Indian tribes.
22. Native Americans retained more power in the territory of British North America than they did in either Spanish or French North
America.
23. The “middle ground” was an area shared by Indians and European traders.
24. Warfare in the eighteenth century resulted in financial strains on its participants that lingered for decades.
25. Pontiac’s Rebellion was an Indian revolt against British rule.
26. Due to the influence of its original Quaker settlers, Pennsylvania maintained peaceful relations with its Native inhabitants
throughout the eighteenth century.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. Seven Years’ War
2. republicanism and liberalism
Essay
1. Explain what one historian meant by this statement: “The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of a free colonial British
America . . . were achieved as a result of slave labor.”
2. The slave experience was diverse in British America. Describe how slavery evolved in the various regions of British America.
What role did African religions play? What liberties, if any, were extended to slaves in the northern colonies, the Chesapeake re-
gion, and the rice kingdom of South Carolina and Georgia? What was the impact of the Stono Rebellion?
3. While slavery was expanding in British America, so too was freedom. Compare the simultaneous expansion of freedom and slav-
ery. How was the concept of race increasingly important in this process?
4. Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together. Explain why they believed that those three things went hand in
hand. Do you agree with this statement? What evidence is there that proves the statement’s validity?
5. The eighteenth century witnessed a considerable expansion of the public sphere. Define what is meant by “public sphere,” and
describe the various ways in which the colonists participated in it. Be sure to include in your discussion not only who was partici-
pating but also who was excluded.
6. In Cato’s Letters, the authors declare that “Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as
public liberty, without freedom of speech.” To what extent did freedom of thought and freedom of speech exist in eighteenth-
century British America?
7. Compare and contrast the impact of the Enlightenment with the Great Awakening. How do both contribute to the thinking behind
the American Revolution?
8. Explain the impact of the Seven Years’ War on colonial society. Pay particular attention to how the war and its outcome shaped
colonial identities and the relationship between colonists and Indians.
9. Discuss the ways in which the colonists became increasingly integrated into the British empire from roughly 1700 to 1763.
10. As Europeans continued to settle the North American continent during the 1700s, Indians constantly struggled to maintain
their independence and identities. Illustrate the common obstacles the Indian communities faced and the ways they tried to
unite to overcome their hardships during the eighteenth century. Consider the Indians in California during the Spanish mission-
ary period, the Creeks during the early settlement of Carolina, the Indians in Pennsylvania, and the Indians during and after the
French and Indian War (including Pontiac’s Rebellion).
