c. integral to leading a religious lifestyle, as they played a prominent role in the Bible.
d. vital because they had been discouraged from enjoying these back in England.
e. detrimental to the individual but ultimately a positive development for the community.
79. Which of the following did the Puritan settlers of seventeenth-century New England value most highly?
a. freedom of speech
b. privacy within the family home
c. individual expression
d. religious toleration
e. social unity
80. Roger Williams argued that
a. church and state must be totally separated.
b. Puritans must stay in the Church of England and reform it.
c. religious wars were necessary to protect not only religion, but also freedom.
d. Puritans were on a divine mission to spread the true faith.
e. only John Winthrop was capable of explaining the word of God.
81. Why did Roger Williams found Rhode Island?
a. to establish a Catholic colony
b. to establish a Jewish colony
c. to establish a haven for religious dissenters
d. to establish a Native American colony
e. to compete with Connecticut for access to the British export trade
82. When Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island
a. he required voters there to be members of a Puritan church.
b. the king refused to give it a charter, and it remained a renegade colony until Williams died.
c. he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay.
d. he felt that too much democracy would be bad because it might interfere with religious freedom.
e. the colony became a haven for Protestants of all kinds, but it banned Jews.
83. The minister Thomas Hooker
a. wanted the separation of church and state in Rhode Island.
b. was the first governor of Massachusetts.
c. agreed with Anne Hutchinson’s challenges to the Puritan church elders.
d. pointed the way to the rock on shore that Plymouth Colony was founded on.
e. expanded the number of men who could vote in Hartford.
84. What did Anne Hutchinson’s critics accuse her of?
a. Antinomianism: she put her own judgement above human law and the teachings of the church.
b. Catholicism: she named the pope as the head of the church.
c. Judaism: she renounced Jesus Christ.
d. Fraud: she stole money from the offering trays.
e. Indecency: she wore revealing clothing.
85. Which of the following statements accurately describes Anne Hutchinson?
a. She was banished after being accused of witchcraft by her neighbors.
b. As an unmarried woman, she lived on the edges of Puritan society.
c. She fled Massachusetts rather than face trial for sedition.
d. She spoke openly of receiving divine revelations directly from God.
e. She founded the colony of Rhode Island.
86. Anne Hutchinson’s trial demonstrated that
a. she was unable to speak in front of a large group of people.
b. she had secretly converted to Catholicism.
c. she had been influenced by Native American religion.
d. women in Puritan communities were considered equal to their husbands.
e. colony leaders and church elders considered her a threat to their authority.
87. What perceptions of Indian society encouraged the publication of captivity narratives and why?
a. English leaders feared that the abundance of gold in Indian societies would make Native American societies far too rich to become
the captives of settlers.
b. English leaders believed that the lack of desirable qualities in Indian societies would forever guarantee that only Indians could
become captives of the English, not vice versa.
c. English leaders questioned the tendency of Indians to treat enslaved African Americans poorly and, thus, outlawed any form
of servitude or captivity in their own societies.
d. English leaders believed that the religious views of the Indians were essentially the same as those of English settlers and
would help fuel the creation of shared religious writings.
e. English leaders feared that the life of freedom enjoyed by Indians would tempt English settlers to join Indian societies and,
thus, required a deterrent.
88. For most New Englanders, Indians represented
a. savagery.
b. teachers.
c. curiosities.
d. sources of culture.
e. survival.
89. What did Mary Rowlandson’s book demonstrate?
a. The brutality of New England Indians.
b. The strong pull of being part of the Puritan society.
c. The importance of questioning the church elders.
d. The significance of the separation of church and state.
e. The appeal of joining an Indian community.
90. Who spoke in Anne Hutchinson’s defense during her 1637 trial?
a. court-appointed lawyer
b. Roger Williams
c. John Winthrop
d. her husband
e. Anne Hutchinson herself
91. Which of the following claims did Anne Hutchinson make during her 1637 trial?
a. The Bible was to be understood metaphorically only.
b. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was becoming too materialistic.
c. Women had no right to speak in public regarding religious matters.
d. Religious freedom should be extended to Jews and Native Americans.
e. God spoke to her directly, much as God had spoken to Abraham.
92. Which of the following is an example of what John Winthrop calls civil, federal, or moral liberty in his 1645 Speech to the
Massachusetts General Court?
a. a wife’s obedience to her husband as a form of honor
b. an animal caring for its young
c. a man’s ability to give in to animalistic impulses
d. a group of people forming a dissenting church
e. a person crying out ecstatically during a church service
93. What does John Winthrop say about civil or federal liberty in his 1645 Speech to the Massachusetts General Court?
a. It is maintained through proper subjection to authority.
b. It is the enemy of truth and peace.
c. It is completely unavailable to women.
d. It relies exclusively on an individual’s understanding of right and wrong.
e. It defies man’s proper relationship to God.
94. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Pequot War of 1637?
a. The Pequots were forced to pay reparations for the damage they caused New England settlers.
b. The Narragansetts joined the Pequots to fight the Puritans.
c. The Pequots won and relocated to what would became New York State.
d. The colonists’ victory resulted in the effective destruction of the Pequot tribe.
e. The Pequots temporarily drove the Massachusetts Bay settlers into Plymouth Colony.
95. In the seventeenth century, New England’s economy
a. grew at a very slow rate because few settlers moved to the region.
b. suffered because most early settlers were poor and could not gain access to land.
c. centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber.
d. boasted a significant manufacturing component that employed close to one-third of all men.
e. relied heavily on indentured servants in the labor force.
96. Compared to the Chesapeake colonies, New England had more economic equality because it had more
a. cash crops.
b. timber.
c. landowners.
d. slaves.
e. religious toleration.
97. Boston merchants
a. challenged the subordination of economic activity to Puritan control.
b. refused to trade with anyone outside the Puritan faith.
c. paid for Anne Hutchinson’s prosecution.
d. had enjoyed widespread freedom to trade since the establishment of the colony.
e. believed the General Court should regulate all economic activity.
98. As the sixteenth century progressed in New England, the growing commerce
a. brought religious and economic values into conflict.
b. increased church attendance.
c. led to better relations between the English and the Native Americans.
d. made the church elders the wealthiest people in society.
e. resulted in new cash crops.
99. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 addressed
a. separation of church and state.
b. freedom of religion.
c. Native American relations.
d. generational church membership.
e. business relations.
100. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 allowed for
a. English peasants to regain half of their communal lands lost during the enclosure movement.
b. partial membership in Puritan churches based on ancestry.
c. indentured servants to pay their masters to cut their term of service in half.
d. wives to share half the family property.
e. Native Americans to regain half of their lands lost to English settlers.
101. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662
a. set up civil government in Massachusetts.
b. allowed Baptists and Quakers to attend, but not join, Puritan churches.
c. gave women limited voting rights in Puritan congregations.
d. permitted anyone who paid a tithe to be baptized in a Puritan church.
e. did not require evidence of conversion to grant a kind of church membership.
102. The Magna Carta
a. was an agreement between King Henry VIII and the Anglican Church.
b. guaranteed religious freedom in Great Britain.
c. granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons.
d. was seen as embodying English freedom until Parliament repealed it in 1722.
e. was, like the English Constitution, unwritten.
103. A central element in the definition of English liberty was
a. the right to a trial by jury.
b. the right to self-incrimination.
c. that each English citizen owned a copy of the English Constitution.
d. freedom of expression.
e. the idea that the king was above the rule of law.
104. What was one of the elements of “English liberty” that came to be embodied in English common law in the wake of the 1215
Magna Carta?
a. the right to speak out against the Crown
b. the right of all peoples to self-determination and freedom from colonial control
c. the right of habeas corpus
d. the right to pursue justice without waiting for permission from an authority figure
e. the right to pay a fee to avoid imprisonment
105. How did the meaning of the Magna Carta change with time?
a. It began as a religious document but soon gained a secular understanding.
b. It grew more and more at odds with the idea of “English liberty.”
c. As serfdom disappeared, its rights applied to a greater percentage of the population.
d. After the English Civil War, its ideas were completely rejected.
e. Following the Protestant Reformation, it specified the right to religious freedom.
106. At the heart of the English Civil War was
a. which family would rule the English throne.
b. whether Puritans should separate from the Church of England.
c. who should control the colonies in the New World.
d. whether England should be an ally of Spain.
e. a question of sovereignty between Parliament and the king.
107. Which of the following statements accurately describes the English understanding during the seventeenth century of the concept
of freedom?
a. It was understood purely in religious terms, referring to freedom from Catholic interference.
b. It was a political term referring strictly to who should have the right to vote.
c. It remained a vital and much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded.
d. It evolved primarily as part of the first western push for women’s rights.
e. It emerged at a time when English rulers had already officially declared the country a “democracy.”
108. In the 1640s, leaders of the House of Commons
a. accused the king of imposing taxes without parliamentary consent.
b. supported efforts to move England back to Catholicism.
c. aided Charles I in overthrowing his father, James I.
d. opposed Oliver Cromwell’s “Commonwealth” government.
e. refused to allow new colonists to emigrate to America.
109. During the English political upheaval between 1640 and 1660,
a. new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church.
b. groups began calling for the elimination of a written English constitution on the grounds that kings merely abused its
privileges.
c. writer John Milton called for an end to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, because it caused too much controversy.
d. the execution of King Charles II led to new debates about crime and punishment.
e. the majority of American colonists returned to England to participate in the Civil War.
110. What was one of the guiding principles of the Levellers?
a. They pushed for the common ownership of land.
b. They called for greatly expanded voting rights.
c. They opposed a written constitution on the grounds that it institutionalized social inequality.
d. They proposed to abolish Parliament entirely.
e. They sought to maintain the status quo through the establishment of social classes.
111. Religious dissension in England during the first half of the seventeenth century resulted in
a. a civil war.
b. war with Spain.
c. a papal visit to London.
d. England not focusing on the monarchy.
e. Henry VIII restoring Catholicism.
112. What was the context in which groups such as the Levellers and Diggers arose?
a. religious changes brought about by Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church
b. political unrest to the point of a civil war
c. economic prosperity spurred by immense colonial wealth
d. economic stability created by the enclosure movement
e. cultural changes resulting from a great influx of immigrants from Ireland
113. The English Civil War was significant in American history because
a. the debates over the meaning of freedom that emerged from the war elevated the idea of “English liberty” to a central place in
the political culture of the Anglo-American colonies.
b. Oliver Cromwell’s pro-Parliament forces rejected imperial expansion and freed Ireland and Jamaica, and thus threatened the
continued existence of the American colonies.
c. Oliver Cromwell’s government refused to trade with the colonies.
d. Oliver Cromwell’s government abolished slavery.
e. When the monarchy was restored, Charles II sought to tax the colonies to pay for the war.
114. What type of government does Henry Care describe as ideal in his text English Liberties or The Free-Born Subject’s
Inheritance?
a. democracy
b. oligarchy
c. monarchy
d. anarchy
e. tyranny
115. How does Henry Care differentiate France and England in his text English Liberties or The Free-Born Subject’s Inheritance?
a. He describes the French people as subject to the Catholic Church, while the English are free to follow their own consciences
and forgo religion.
b. He describes the French king as having unlimited power, while the English king is said to be constrained by laws and the
rights of the people.
c. He describes the French people as simple and poor, while the English are prosperous and sophisticated in every respect.
d. He describes the French people as enjoying true liberties, while English subjects struggle with liberties that exist only in
name.
e. He describes the French people as appropriately respectful of their king’s decisions, while the English consistently create
problems by challenging their monarchy.
116. The ideals of which group or individual are most closely aligned with modern America’s ideal of equal rights for all?
a. Puritans
b. Levellers
c. Stuart kings
d. John Winthrop
e. John Smith
117. Which of the following is true of the Puritans’ dealings with Quakers?
a. Their officials in Massachusetts severely punished Quakers, even hanging several of them.
b. They welcomed the Quakers and thus were happy to help them set up the Pennsylvania colony.
c. They fought Charles II’s efforts to oppress and suppress Quakers.
d. They passed a law ordering all Quakers to leave Massachusetts or face imminent death.
e. They resented the Quakers for their shrewd business practices.
118. The Diggers
a. were a Protestant sect that the Puritans banished from Massachusetts.
b. were a group of Scottish immigrants to Maryland who sought to form a union of fellow laborers.
c. were an English group that advocated for common ownership of land and declared that all English people, including the poor,
were entitled to a comfortable livelihood.
d. was another name for tobacco laborers in Maryland.
e. was a derogatory name that the English used to describe Irish-Catholic laborers.
119. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the impact on Maryland of seventeenth-century England’s Protestant–
Catholic conflict?
a. The conflict had no effect on far-off Maryland.
b. To win the favor of Protestant kings, Maryland gave all authority to Protestants.
c. The English government temporarily repealed Calvert’s ownership of Maryland and the colony’s policies of religious
toleration.
d. Maryland’s Catholic leaders banned Protestant worship in 1671.
e. The conflict eventually led to the Puritan government of the 1640s taking refuge in Maryland.
120. Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration?
a. Virginia
b. Maryland
c. Massachusetts
d. Rhode Island
e. Connecticut
121. The Crisis in Maryland in the 1640s centered mainly on
a. conflict between socialists and capitalists.
b. conflict between supporters of Parliament and those loyal to King Charles I.
c. conflict between tobacco and cotton farmers.
d. conflict between indentured servants and plantation owners.
e. conflict between Quakers and Baptists.
122. In the 1650s, who pushed England toward a policy of expanding territory and commercialism?
a. Oliver Cromwell
b. John Smith
c. Charles I
d. Charles II
e. James I
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Squanto
___ 2. John Smith
___ 3. Anne Hutchinson
___ 4. Powhatan
___ 5. John Calvin
___ 6. Roger Williams
___ 7. Cecilius Calvert
___ 8. John Winthrop
___ 9. William Bradford
___ 10. Pocahontas
___ 11. Walter Raleigh
___ 12. Richard Hakluyt
a. served as proprietor of Maryland
b. was the wife of John Rolfe
c. was a Pilgrim leader
d. was a leader of Indians near Jamestown
e. served as governor of Massachusetts
f. led a settlement at Roanoke Island that failed
g. was denounced for Antinomianism
h. was an Indian who helped the Pilgrims
i. was a French-born theologian who influenced the Puritans
j. established Rhode Island
k. wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
l. was an early leader of Jamestown
TEST 2
___ 1. Virginia Company
___ 2. An Act Concerning Religion
___ 3. Puritans
___ 4. tobacco
___ 5. Mayflower Compact
___ 6. headright system
___ 7. Quakers
___ 8. indentured servants
___ 9. House of Burgesses
___ 10. Half-Way Covenant
___ 11. Magna Carta
___ 12. Levellers
a. institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from Maryland’s beginnings
b. believed the spirit of God dwelled in all persons
c. gave five to seven years of service for passage to America and were subject to punishment
d. was the first elected assembly in colonial America
e. was the charter company that established Jamestown
f. was the first written frame of government in British America
g. was a religious compromise for the descendants of the Great Migration
h. was the primary crop of the Chesapeake colonies
i. argued that the Church of England was still too Catholic
j. granted fifty acres to anyone who paid his own passage
k. formed a political movement favoring expanded liberties
l. was a 1215 document that was said to embody English freedom
True/False
1. Jamestown was originally settled only by men.
2. A Discourse Concerning Western Planting argued that English settlement of North America would strike a blow against Spain.
3. As enclosure of land resulted in fewer farmers, many of these people moved to English cities, becoming jobless and causing
vagrancy.
4. The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain independence.
5. Indians mostly traded furs and animal skins for European goods.
6. Growing connections with Europeans lessened warfare between Indian tribes.
7. Early settlers of Jamestown preferred seeking gold to farming.
8. The headright system led to fewer people from England coming to Virginia.
9. Treatment of the Indians by members of the Virginia colony was influenced in part by Las Casas’s condemnation of Spanish
behavior.
10. The romance between Pocahontas and John Smith led to their marrying in England, where she then died.
11. The Virginia Company accomplished its goals for the shareholders and for its settlers.
12. Believing that tobacco was harmful to one’s health, King James I warned against its use.
13. Women in the early Virginia colony comprised about half the white population.
14. Virginia women who were feme sole were more likely to have the opportunity to conduct business.
15. Puritans believed that the Church of England was not in need of reform.
16. Self-denial was an important element of the Puritan understanding of freedom.
17. The Pilgrims intended to set sail for Cape Cod in 1620.
18. The first settlers to Massachusetts were nearly identical in makeup to the first Jamestown settlers.
19. The family structure in Puritan colonies in America differed significantly from the typical family structure in England.
20. Religious toleration violated the Puritan understanding of moral liberty.
21. Roger Williams imagined Rhode Island as a feudal domain.
22. To the Puritan leaders, Indians were savages and immoral.
23. One of the first priorities of the Puritans upon arriving in North America was converting the Indians to Christianity.
24. In British America, unlike other New World empires, Indians performed most of the labor in the colonies.
25. After the English Civil War, it was generally believed that freedom was the common heritage of all Englishmen.
26. The English Civil War was a bloodless war that restored Catholicism to England.
27. Jewish people enjoyed religious freedom under Maryland’s Act Concerning Religion.
28. Oliver Cromwell’s Parliament passed the first Navigation Act, aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch.
29. The English colonies in America in the seventeenth century developed remarkably similar economic, political, and social
structures to one another.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. New England merchant elite
2. Puritanism
Essay
1. What key political, social, and religious ideas and institutions defined the English nation around 1600?
2. Once England decided to create an overseas empire, it did so with impressive speed. Explain the motives behind English expansion
to the North American continent, including the Great Migration.
3. Many degrees of freedom coexisted in seventeenth-century North America. Discuss the various definitions of freedom. Be sure to
include slaves, indentured servants, women, Indians, property owners, and Puritans in your discussion. Identify any similarities
and differences among these different versions of freedom.
4. Explain the reasons behind the various conflicts between the English and the Indians. How do differing perceptions of land and lib-
erty fit into the story? How do trade and religion play a part?
5. John Winthrop distinguished between natural and moral liberty. What was the difference? How did moral liberty work, and how did
Puritans define liberty and freedom? Discuss the restrictions of moral liberty and the consequences as illustrated by Roger Williams
and Anne Hutchinson. Be sure to address Winthrop’s speech in the Voices of Freedom box.
6. Compare the Chesapeake and New England colonies. Explore the various reasons for the colonists’ emigrating to the New
World, their economies, gender roles, demographics, religion, and relations with the Indians. How did land ownership compare
from one region to the other? Which pattern of settlement is more representative of American development after the seventeenth
century?
7. Both religious freedom and the separation of church and state are taken for granted today. In seventeenth-century colonial America,
freedom and religion did not necessarily go hand in hand, for many believed that the church ought to influence the state. Describe
the varying degrees of religious freedom practiced in the colonies as well as differing attitudes about the relationship between
church and state. Be sure to consider the following colonies, at least: Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Maryland.
8. How had the concept of English freedom developed through the centuries before 1700? What had defined freedom, and to whom
were liberties granted? How and why had those definitions changed over the centuries? How did the English Civil War help to change
those definitions?