72. What made the Burlingame Treaty unique?
a. It was actually a declaration of war against China.
b. It recognized the sovereignty of China.
c. It declared all of East Asia’s ports to be America’s sphere of influence.
d. It gave Great Britain Hong Kong.
e. It ended the Opium Wars.
73. Why did Mark Twain call Anson Burlingame “a citizen of the world”?
a. Burlingame had dual citizenship.
b. Burlingame organized a trade conference.
c. Burlingame promoted Asian arts and the culture of the Pacific Ocean.
d. Burlingame turned his back on his U.S. citizenship.
e. Burlingame looked beyond a narrow view of citizenship.
74. How do historians frequently perceive the laws and amendments introduced to the Constitution during Reconstruction?
a. as unchanged from existing structures
b. as equivalent to a second founding of America
c. as entirely detrimental to blacks’ rights
d. as superficial, with little impact on the status of blacks
e. as focused entirely on labor rights
75. In “The Composite Nation” (1869), what does Frederick Douglass reveal about his position toward Chinese immigrants?
a. He believed America should stop welcoming immigrants, particularly Chinese.
b. He assumed the tensions that existed were going to be solved only with time.
c. He thought the national government should remain uninvolved.
d. He believed they only had the potential to harm America in the long run.
e. He condemned anti-Asian discrimination.
76. Which of the following is one of the central ideas in Frederick Douglass’s speech “The Composite Nation”?
a. Human rights are universal and indestructible and include the ability of people of all races to migrate freely from one place to
another.
b. It is not possible for African-Americans to be true Americans because the horrors of slavery were so pronounced.
c. Because of its Constitution, the American government can always be trusted to govern by wisdom rather than “race pride.”
d. African-Americans inherently have more human rights than Native Americans because they are not subject to treaties.
e. Because land in the United States is scarce, African-Americans and other minority groups should consider relocating to
other, more welcoming countries.
77. Despite the Fourteenth Amendment, which group was still being denied United States citizenship?
a. Floridians
b. Asians
c. emancipated slaves
d westerners
e. Canadians
78. How did the abolition of slavery impact the women’s rights movement in the United States?
a. It led women’s suffrage to first be achieved in the South before spreading to other regions.
b. It led feminists to search for new ways to make the promise of free labor real for women.
c. It led the Radical Republicans to take up the cause of women’s rights as strongly as that of black rights.
d. It led to the Fifteenth Amendment outlawing discrimination based on not only race but also gender.
e. It led Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to favor the abolitionist cause over women’s rights.
79. The idea that change comes slowly can be evidenced by what event during Reconstruction?
a. After the Civil War, most slaves had to wait a long time to escape their masters.
b. Women were excluded from the suffrage amendment.
c. African-Americans were denied membership in churches.
d. African-Americans did not get elected to political offices.
e. African-Americans had no interest in having their own businesses.
80. After the Civil War, which territory became the first to allow women to vote?
a. North Carolina
b. Wyoming
c. Chicago
d. California
e. Massachusetts
81. During Reconstruction, those like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone who supported a woman’s right to vote
a. all endorsed the Fifteenth Amendment even though it did not guarantee female suffrage.
b. all opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not guarantee female suffrage.
c. found themselves divided over whether to support the Fifteenth Amendment.
d. strongly supported the Fifteenth Amendment because it guaranteed female suffrage.
e. refused to take a position on the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not define citizenship.
82. The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the 1873 case in which Myra Bradwell challenged an Illinois statute excluding women
from practicing law
a. was the first time the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as establishing gender equal ity.
b. was a severe blow to the idea of “separate spheres” for men and women.
c. resulted the following year in congressional passage of the groundbreaking Legal Practice Act.
d. demonstrated that, while racial definitions of freedom were changing, gen dered ones still existed.
e. was praised by Bradwell, who went on to become the first woman on the Illinois Supreme Court.
83. Why did Elizabeth Cady Stanton oppose the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment?
a. She believed that black men and immigrant men deserved the vote more than native –born white women.
b. She opposed the right to vote for black men.
c. Frederick Douglass also opposed it.
d. It did not ban discrimination in voting based on sex.
e. The American Woman Suffrage Association also opposed it.
84. Why did Abby Kelley and Lucy Stone disagree with Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment?
a. Kelley and Stone did not believe women should be able to vote.
b. Kelley and Stone thought a ban on racial discrimination was a step toward universal suffrage.
c. Stanton had been a supporter of slavery and the Confederacy.
d. Kelley and Stone opposed universal suffrage.
e. Susan B. Anthony also disagreed with Stanton about the Fifteenth Amendment.
85. The Fifteenth Amendment granted blacks the right to vote. Which of the following statements accurately describes the response
of African-Americans in the South to this amendment?
a. Although some voted, political organization among African-Americans was rare.
b. The vast majority of those eligible registered to vote.
c. The Union League kept half of the population from voting.
d. Most moved to the North and focused on transforming northern politics.
e. The majority did not register because they distrusted the government.
86. With the beginning of Radical Reconstruction, southern African-Americans in the late 1860s and early 1870s took direct action to
remedy long-standing grievances. These actions included
a. sit-ins that helped to integrate horse-drawn streetcars in southern cities.
b. protest marches that desegregated public school systems in all the Upper South states.
c. violent attacks to intimidate Democratic voters from participating in politics.
d. the creation for the first time of all-black churches.
e. a series of lawsuits that resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court’s declaring segregation unconstitutional.
87. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce were the first two blacks to
a. become medical doctors.
b. become preachers in a white church.
c. be elected as mayors.
d. teach at white schools.
e. be part of the U.S. Senate.
88. During Radical Reconstruction, Republican governments in the South
a. passed laws to ensure plantation owners had the first claim on harvested crops.
b. created the region’s first state-funded systems of free public education.
c. reestablished property requirements for voting.
d. attracted the votes of most former Confederates who had supported the Democratic Party.
e. generally reduced the number of public institutions and services.
89. Black officeholders during Reconstruction
a. were extremely rare.
b. were entirely carpetbaggers and scalawags.
c. helped ensure a degree of fairness for African-American citizens.
d. were limited to local offices.
e. demonstrated that whites had lost all of their political power in the South.
90. If a man from Maine came to live in the South as a teacher, what would he most likely be labeled as?
a. a scalawag
b. a teacher
c. a Liberal Republican
d. a carpetbagger
e. an angel of mercy
91. Most of those termed “scalawags” during Reconstruction had been
a. owners of large southern plantations before the Civil War.
b. non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern upcountry prior to the Civil War.
c. enslaved African-Americans before emancipation.
d. Union soldiers during the war, but then they decided to stay in the South.
e. Confederate officers and Confederate government officials during the Civil War.
92. Southern Republicans during Reconstruction
a. excluded former Confederates from their ranks.
b. established the South’s first state–supported schools.
c. redistributed most former plantation lands to freedmen and poor whites.
d. helped elect African-American governors in four states.
e. ran the most corrupt governments in American history.
93. During Radical Reconstruction in the South,
a. the first interracial governments in U.S. history accomplished a great deal, despite violent opposition.
b. about 2,000 African-Americans held political office, but only in local governments.
c. white voters provided the majority of the Republican Party’s support.
d. Republicans included “carpetbaggers,” who were white Republicans born in the South.
e. Republicans included “scalawags,” who were white northerners who moved to the South.
94. During Radical Reconstruction, what did every state help finance in an effort to transform the South into a society of booming
factories, bustling towns, and diversified agriculture?
a. buses
b. libraries
c. railroad construction
d. public recreation centers
e. museums
95. The Whiskey Ring scandal took place during the administration of
a. Abraham Lincoln.
b. Andrew Johnson.
c. Ulysses Grant.
d. Rutherford Hayes.
e. Chester Arthur.
96. Which statement is true about the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?
a. The KKK was primarily concerned with stopping Asian immigration to the South.
b. Founded in 1866 in Tennessee, the KKK was a terrorist organization that attacked black and white Republicans during
Reconstruction.
c. Most southern planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians who considered themselves “respectable citizens” publicly
condemned the Klan.
d. President Grant’s dispatching of federal marshals and troops in 1871 failed to have any effect on Klan violence.
e. The KKK functioned as the military arm of the Republican Party in the South.
97. The bloodiest act of violence during Reconstruction took place in ________ in 1873, where armed whites killed hundreds of
former slaves, including fifty militia members who had surrendered.
a. York County, South Carolina,
b. Marietta, Georgia,
c. Lynchburg, Virginia,
d. Colfax, Louisiana,
e. Guilford County, North Carolina,
98. The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to
a. end Reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights.
b. stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.
c. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states.
d. increase the authority of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
e. eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters.
99. The Enforcement Acts
a. drove the Ku Klux Klan out of existence in 1872.
b. ended terrorism in the South for the rest of Reconstruction.
c. were not really used by President Grant until 1875, when he stepped up efforts to protect polling places.
d. were used by state governments to enforce the terms of sharecropping contracts.
e. prevented immigration into the former Confederate states.
100. The Liberal Republican movement in 1872
a. sought stronger action to ensure the political and social rights of African-Americans in the South.
b. was led by President Grant as a way of countering a Democratic resurgence in the southern states.
c. was successful in electing Rutherford B. Hayes president of the United States that year.
d. initially had little to do with Reconstruction but encouraged opposition to Grant’s policies in the South.
e. drew most of its strength from southern black leaders such as James S. Pike and Albion Tourgée.
101. The Prostrate State depicts
a. an ailing slave who is unable to live long enough to see emancipation.
b. South Carolina under allegedly corrupt Negro rule during Reconstruction.
c. an economically weak South unable to contribute to the national economy.
d. a terrorized black community during the reign of the Ku Klux Klan.
e. an apathetic Congress that has given up on Reconstruction after 1870.
102. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Slaughterhouse Cases that
a. most rights of citizens were under the control of state governments rather than the federal government.
b. states could not interfere with vigorous federal enforcement of a broad array of civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth
Amendment.
c. the federal government had sole authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate the meatpacking industry.
d. voting rights of African-Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment could not be abridged or denied by any state.
e. Reconstruction had progressed too far and was now officially ended.
103. In the 1870s, who claimed to have saved the white South from the corruption of northern and black officials?
a. Republicans
b. carpetbaggers
c. Redeemers
d. scalawags
e. Ulysses Grant
104. The election of 1876
a. was won by Rutherford B. Hayes by a landslide.
b. was finally decided by the Supreme Court.
c. marked the final stage of Reconstruction, which ended in 1880.
d. was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.
e. was won by Ulysses S. Grant by a narrow count.
105. When analyzing the election of 1876, what conclusion can be drawn?
a. Rutherford Hayes did poorly in the western states.
b. The Republican Party did a good job protecting the voting rights of African-Americans in Mississippi.
c. A majority of northerners wanted to enforce Reconstruction policies more stringently.
d. The Republican Party had increased its support in the South.
e. If Tilden had won Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been president.
106. Reconstruction planted the seed of a debate that would dominate the political agenda for the next half century. What was this
debate about?
a. gender equality
b. the division between politics and religion
c. the definition of the economic essence of freedom
d. the minimum amount of education necessary to have the right to vote
e. the validity of Native American treaties
107. The Bargain of 1877
a. allowed Samuel Tilden to become president.
b. led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general.
c. marked a compromise between Radical and Liberal Republicans.
d. called for the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment.
e. was made by Grant to prevent his impeachment over the Whiskey Ring.
108. The civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the
a. Equality Era.
b. Gilded Age.
c. Socialist Era.
d. Information Age.
e. Second Reconstruction.
109. By examining Reconstruction from 1863 to 1877, what conclusion can be drawn?
a. It remade the South economically.
b. Equal rights for African-Americans continued to increase after 1877.
c. It was one of the most complex time periods in American history.
d. It was a total failure and left no blueprint for the future.
e. The United States had become a declining world power in regard to trade.
110. The Bargain of 1877
a. formed a commission to oversee the results of the presidential election.
b. was not fulfilled in all its parts.
c. included the agreement that Hayes would put a northerner in the cabinet position of postmaster general.
d. radicalized black activists.
e. gave more power to southern Republicans.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Benjamin Turner
___ 2. Andrew Johnson
___ 3. Charles Sumner
___ 4. Carl Schurz
___ 5. Edwin Stanton
___ 6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
___ 7. Lyman Trumbull
___ 8. Hiram Revels
___ 9. Ulysses S. Grant
___ 10. Horace Greeley
___ 11. Blanche Bruce
___ 12. Frederick Douglass
a. second black U.S. senator
b. proposed the Civil Rights Bill of 1866
c. Presidential Reconstruction
d. Liberal Republicans’ presidential candidate
e. abolitionist who condemned anti-Asian discrimination
f. Reconstruction congressman and black leader
g. Whiskey Ring
h. leader of the Republican Party
i. National Woman Suffrage Association
j. Radical Republican senator from Massachusetts
k. first black U.S. senator
l. secretary of war
TEST 2
___ 1. Special Field Order 15
___ 2. carpetbaggers
___ 3. Howard University
___ 4. scalawag
___ 5. Black Codes
___ 6. Enforcement Acts
___ 7. Redeemers
___ 8. Compromise of 1877
___ 9. Freedmen’s Bureau
___ 10. Ku Klux Klan
___ 11. Whiskey Ring
___ 12. impeachment
a. restrictions placed on freed blacks in the South
b. scandal in the Grant administration
c. origin of “forty acres and a mule”
d. northern-born Republicans in the South during Reconstruction
e. ended Reconstruction
f. government agency that helped blacks in the South
g. black school in Washington, D.C.
h. public official charged with wrongdoing
i. southern-born white Republican
j. targeted the Ku Klux Klan
k. Democrats who took control in the South during the 1870s
l. terrorist organization
TEST 3
___ 1. Fourteenth Amendment
___ 2. Fifteenth Amendment
___ 3. Reconstruction Act
___ 4. Enforcement Acts
___ 5. Civil Rights Act of 1875
___ 6. Civil Rights Bill of 1866
___ 7. Tenure of Office Act
___ 8. Bargain of 1877
a. Declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens
b. Started with the period of Radical Reconstruction
c. Expanded the power of national government during Reconstruction
d. Settled the presidential elections of 1877
e. Outlawed racial discrimination in public places
f. Guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the laws
g. Declared no U.S. citizen should be denied the right to vote
h. Restricted the power of the president to remove certain officeholders
True/False
1. After the Civil War, some ex-slaves walked hundreds of miles in search of family members.
2. During Reconstruction, blacks could only get an education inside the classroom.
3. The Freedmen’s Bureau presaged some government social policies that would be enacted during the Great Depression.
4. Because of land redistribution, the vast majority of rural freedmen and freedwomen prospered during Reconstruction.
5. By the mid-1870s, white farmers were cultivating as much as 80 percent of the region’s cotton crop.
6. Economic growth in the South was stronger in urban areas than in rural centers.
7. Compared to rebels in the rest of world history’s civil wars, the rebels of the defeated Confederacy were treated very harshly.
8. Thaddeus Stevens’s most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern
migrants to the South.
9. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.
10. With the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, all people born in the United States were automatically citizens.
11. The Senate, following the House’s impeachment vote, removed Andrew Johnson from office.
12. The 1868 presidential election saw Ulysses S. Grant defeating Horatio Seymour.
13. Birthright citizenship can be viewed as a rejection of associating citizenship only with whiteness.
14. According to his speech “A Composite Nation,” Frederick Douglass believed Chinese immigrants should be naturalized as
Americans and hold the same rights as all other citizens.
15. Unlike Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone favored the Fifteenth Amendment.
16. The Wyoming territorial government granted suffrage to women because people voted for gender equality.
17. Black ministers during Reconstruction played a minor role in politics because they could not hold public offices.
18. By the time the Union was restored in 1870, the southern states had Democratic majorities.
19. Black suffrage made little difference in the South, as very few blacks voted or ran for public office during Reconstruction.
20. White southern Democrats considered scalawags traitors to both their party and their race.
21. While Republicans were in power in the South, they established the region’s first state –supported public schools.
22. Northern financiers were more likely to invest in the West than in the South.
23. Opponents of Radical Reconstruction could not accept the idea of former slaves voting, holding office, and enjoying equality
before the law.
24. The Ku Klux Klan tended to be led by planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians.
25. James Pike’s The Prostrate State was in support of the black Republican governments in the South during Reconstruction.
26. The 1873 depression strengthened the North’s resolve to ensure the success of Reconstruction because the depression really hurt
the South’s farmers, highlighting the need for reform in the region.
27. In Mississippi in 1875, white rifle clubs drilled in public and openly assaulted and murdered Republicans.
28. As part of the Bargain of 1877, Hayes agreed to recognize Democratic control of the South.
Short Answer
1. The Fourteenth Amendment generated much debate and division among the political parties. Give a brief description of the
amendment and assess in what ways it was successful. Be sure to summarize how the different political parties viewed the
amendment.
2. Republican leader Carl Schurz referred to the laws and amendments passed during Reconstruction as the “great Constitutional
revolution.” Please explain what he meant by this, making sure to specify what made the amendments transformative.
3. Describe in a paragraph or two the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people.
1. Fourteenth Amendment
2. Ku Klux Klan
3. Enforcement Acts
Essay
1. What did freedom mean for the ex-slaves? Be sure to address economic opportunities, gender roles, religious independence, and
family security.
2. Why did Radical Republicans believe that Andrew Johnson would support their agenda? Why was Johnson ultimately unable to
lend his support to the Civil Rights Act of 1866 or to the Fourteenth Amendment?
3. Defend this statement: For whites, freedom, no matter how defined, was a given, a birthright to be defended. For African-
Americans, it was an open-ended process, a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had
sustained slavery in the first place.
4. Explain how wartime devastation set in motion a chain of events that permanently altered the white yeomanry’s independent way
of life, leading to what they considered a loss of freedom.
5. Reconstruction witnessed profound changes in the lives of southerners, black and white, rich and poor. Explain the various ways
that the lives of these groups changed. Were the changes for the better or the worse?
6. Stating that he “lived among men, not among angels,” Thaddeus Stevens recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment was not per-
fect. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the Fourteenth Amendment. What liberties and freedoms did it extend in the nine-
teenth century, and to whom? How did it alter the relationship between the federal government and the states?
7. What faults did the Republicans see with Presidential Reconstruction? How did they propose to rectify those deficiencies? Be sure
to distinguish moderate Republicans from Radical Republicans in your answer.
8. Who were the Redeemers, what did they want, and what were their methods? How did the Redeemers feel that their freedom was
being threatened by Radical Reconstruction? Conclude your essay with a comment on how you think the federal government
should have responded to the Redeemers.
9. Do you think the permanent distribution of land to former slaves would have made a difference in the outcome of Reconstruction?
Why or why not?
10. Was Reconstruction a success or a failure? Or was it something in between? In your response, consider land policy, key legis-
lation during Presidential and Radical Reconstruction, southern politics, racial and political violence, and northern “fatigu e”
with Reconstruction. Be sure to make clear what you mean by success and failure.
11. The debate surrounding the creation and ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment divided one-time political allies over the matter of
women’s suffrage. What were the arguments for and against including a woman’s right to vote in the Fifteenth Amendment? What did
this debate say about the boundaries of freedom defined by Reconstruction?
12. One of the most divisive issues during the Reconstruction period was the meaning of “freedom” and “citizenship.” Did this debate
reach some closure during the Reconstruction period? Why or why not? Be sure to summarize the opinions of different social and po-
litical groups that dominated the national agenda during this period.
13. As in earlier periods of American history, Reconstruction saw political debates over the meaning of federalism and the balance
of power between the national government and the states. Keeping this in mind, discuss how laws and regulations such as the
Civil Rights Bill of 1866 and the Reconstruction amendments factored into this debate. Please consider how the positions of Re-
publicans and Democrats differed in terms of this debate.
14. Eric Foner argues, “The Reconstruction amendments transformed the Constitution from a document primarily concerned with fed-
eral-state relations and the rights of property into a vehicle through which members of vulnerable minorities could stake a claim.”
Please explain in your own words how the Constitution changed due to the amendments. Who were the main actors involved?