76. The U.S. Sanitary Commission
a. was the first major organization to be run entirely by women.
b. raised money for the families of soldiers on both sides.
c. coordinated war donations on the northern home front.
d. was the nation’s first garbage-collection agency.
e. introduced the idea of germ theory to Civil War hospitals.
77. Who lobbied for the United States to endorse the First Geneva Convention of 1864?
a. Clara Barton
b. Elizabeth Van Lew
c. Zebulon Vance
d. Bret Harte
e. Harriet Beecher Stowe
78. Copperheads were
a. what Republicans called northern opponents of the war.
b. supporters of minting more copper coins to inflate the currency.
c. advocates of creating the Third Bank of the United States.
d. southern whites who opposed the Confederacy.
e. the strongest supporters of emancipation.
79. The Union draft law
a. allowed wealthy men to hire a substitute or buy their way out of military service.
b. required rich and poor alike to serve equally in the Union army.
c. was supported by Irish immigrants in New York City.
d. increased support for the war among working-class Catholics in northeastern cities.
e. resulted in Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller, and Jay Gould suspending their business operations in order to fight in the
Union army.
80. Which issue did Abraham Lincoln address in his 1864 address at the Baltimore Sanitary Fair?
a. the necessity of limited civil liberties during the war
b. the danger of voting against him during the middle of a war
c. the responsibility of Northerners to care for freed slaves
d. the future of the South under Reconstruction
e. the North and South’s differing understandings of the word “liberty”
81. Which quality of Abraham Lincoln’s leadership is demonstrated in his 1864 address at the Baltimore Sanitary Fair?
a. his detailed and nuanced knowledge of the Constitution
b. his depiction of black Americans as intellectually equal to whites
c. his skill with religious language and metaphor
d. his ability to connect with people through familiar, folksy language
e. his tendency to blame slave owners for driving the nation to war
82. What was the spark for a deadly riot in New York in 1863?
a. food shortages
b. a military draft
c. peace negotiations with the South
d. Irish immigrants being asked not to serve
e. opposition to the Thirteenth Amendment
83. Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis and his governing?
a. Although Davis had a poor prewar reputation as an orator, his speechmaking rose to new heights as the Confederacy’s
president.
b. His administration actually suffered from the Confederacy’s lack of political parties.
c. He had Lincoln’s common touch, but the lack of newspapers in the South reduced his ability to communicate it.
d. He strongly opposed centralizing authority in the Confederacy’s Richmond government.
e. On more than one occasion, Davis, a West Point alumnus, led Confederate troops into battle.
84. “King Cotton diplomacy” led Great Britain to
a. find new supplies of cotton outside the South.
b. recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America.
c. repudiate the Emancipation Proclamation.
d. use its warships to break the Union blockade.
e. stage multiple raids from Canada into the Upper Northwest.
85. What was ironic about the Confederate government?
a. This new centralized government became stronger than the national government had been before the war.
b. The leadership found little need for slaves doing fieldwork during the war.
c. The Confederacy openly encouraged other countries to grow cotton.
d. Jefferson Davis led troops into battle.
e. The government wanted to end slavery in the Caribbean and then bring those slaves to the South.
86. Which industry declined during the Civil War?
a. iron
b. coal
c. cotton
d. boots and shoes
e. meat
87. “King Cotton diplomacy” resulted in
a. a steep increase in wartime cotton production in the Confederacy.
b. Britain supporting the Confederacy in the Civil War.
c. postwar impoverishment of cotton farmers around the world.
d. a sustained global shortage of cotton because no other nations could produce it.
e. a global increase in cotton prices for several decades.
88. Which statement is true about the Confederacy?
a. At the beginning of the war, a majority of white southerners opposed the Confederate cause.
b. As the war progressed, a significant number of yeoman families suffered financially.
c. Planters began to feel they were unfairly shouldering the financial burdens of the war.
d. The Confederate draft had no allowance for paying for a substitute.
e. The Confederacy levied heavy taxes on elite planters.
89. What caused economic problems for the Confederacy?
a. within the first year of the war, a majority of slaves refusing to do work
b. the abundance of food and cotton creating a buyer’s market
c. the issuing of paper money
d. an influx of immigrants creating high unemployment
e. heavy taxing of large plantation owners
90. How did southern women respond to food shortages during the Civil War?
a. Many abandoned their family farms and fled to the cities.
b. A small number planted, harvested, and sold their crops through all-female cooperatives.
c. They petitioned the government in large numbers for relief.
d. Some forced their slaves to steal food from army storehouses.
e. Many defected to the North where food was more plentiful.
91. Rose Greenhow
a. was president of the American National Red Cross.
b. worked as a nurse in the Union army.
c. was a Confederate spy in Washington, D.C.
d. was a Union soldier who hid her gender from the troops.
e. was a slave under the Emancipation Proclamation.
92. Which is true of slaves and the Confederate army?
a. Robert E. Lee had petitioned for slaves to serve as soldiers at the outset of the war.
b. The majority of slaves willingly fought alongside their masters.
c. The Confederate government never authorized enlisting slaves as soldiers.
d. Numerous slaves worked as laborers for the Confederate military throughout the war.
e. Most slaveholders supported their slaves serving as soldiers for the Confederacy.
93. Which of the following could explain why Robert E. Lee invaded the North in 1863?
a. He hoped to liberate Confederate soldiers in a prisoner-of-war camp in Pennsylvania.
b. He wanted to destroy northern factories that were producing weapons.
c. He wanted revenge for Stonewall Jackson’s death.
d. He hoped to destroy the railroad junction at Gettysburg.
e. He hoped to destroy the morale of the Union army.
94. Which is the largest battle ever fought on the North American continent?
a. Battle of Gettysburg
b. Battle of Antietam
c. Battle of Vicksburg
d. First Battle of Bull Run
e. Battle of Shiloh
95. In July 1863, the Union won two key victories that are often identified as turning points in the war. These victories occurred at
a. Wilmington, North Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana.
b. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Vicksburg, Mississippi.
c. Lexington, Kentucky, and Charleston, South Carolina.
d. Antietam Creek, Maryland, and Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
e. Fort Donelson, Tennessee, and Cold Harbor, Virginia.
96. Why was Vicksburg essential?
a. Capturing the city allowed the Union to control the entire Mississippi River.
b. Stonewall Jackson lost his life there.
c. It served as a gateway to the Appalachian Mountains.
d. Before the Civil War, the port in this city had shipped more cotton than any other.
e. It guarded the Gulf of Mexico.
97. In the May and June 1864 battles in Virginia (between the armies of Grant and Lee)
a. the Union army was forced to retreat down the peninsula in defeat.
b. Lee’s brutality earned him the nickname “the Butcher.”
c. the Confederates launched the heroic but unsuccessful Pickett’s Charge.
d. the Union army, despite high casualties, pressed forward in its campaign.
e. Grant’s men decisively defeated Lee’s army, which forced the evacuation of Richmond.
98. The Union’s manpower advantage over the Confederacy
a. was short-lived once the Confederacy began using slaves as soldiers.
b. proved essential for the success of Grant’s attrition strategy.
c. was rather slight.
d. although substantial, did not matter in determining the war’s outcome.
e. existed only because the Union had lower draft requirements than the Confederacy.
99. Which September 1864 event helped Lincoln win reelection as president that November?
a. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House
b. the Confederate surrender of Savannah
c. Grant’s victory at Vicksburg
d. McClellan’s rout of the Confederates at Seven Pines
e. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta
100. What separated Grant from the other Union generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac?
a. Grant was the only one who went to the U.S. Military Academy.
b. The other generals were or had been slaveholders.
c. Grant was willing to wage a war of attrition.
d. The other generals had more respect and trust from Abraham Lincoln.
e. Grant was not as aggressive on the battlefield as the other commanders.
101. Which was demonstrated by the Sea Islands Experiment and other early trials with Reconstruction?
a. The primary goal of former slaves was education.
b. Most former slaves wanted to own their own land.
c. Former slaves were grateful to work under contract for pay, even if the wages were low.
d. Few former slaves chose to stay in the South.
e. Former slaves had little interest in participating in politics.
102. The “Sea Islands Experiment” refers to
a. northern reformers’ efforts to assist former slaves with the transition to freedom.
b. the Confederacy’s trial use of slaves as soldiers along the South Carolina coast.
c. a U.S. government plan to introduce advanced technology to southern farming in order to decrease the need for slaves.
d. the unsuccessful effort of General Ulysses Grant to allow former slaves to run their own farms in Mississippi.
e. the code name for the Confederate navy’s submarine-building program.
103. The Sea Islands Experiment
a. resulted in the federal government distributing the land on the islands among the 10,000 formerly enslaved people who lived
there.
b. was deemed a failure by 1865 because it made no provision for the education of formerly enslaved residents.
c. was kept secret from the American public.
d. centered on formerly enslaved families working for wages on land owned by northern investors.
e. was deemed a failure by 1865 because black families’ housing and food quality had declined.
104. After the capture of Vicksburg, the Union army established a labor system in Louisiana and the Mississippi Valley that
a. plantation owners were satisfied with, but formerly enslaved people were not.
b. formerly enslaved people were satisfied with, but plantation owners were not.
c. established the basis for economic independence for black families through landownership.
d. required emancipated slaves sign labor contracts for paid wages with white plantation owners.
e. made no provision for black workers to obtain education or protection from violence and family separation.
105. In the middle of the war, what did Lincoln hope to accomplish with his Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction?
a. He wanted to weaken the cause of the radical abolitionists.
b. He wanted rich slaveowners to pay 10 percent of their family wealth to the federal government in return for amnesty.
c. He hoped 10 percent of the southern slaves would be freed automatically in all the Confederate states.
d. He sought to expand slavery in Mississippi and lessen it in Missouri.
e. He wanted to weaken the Confederacy and shorten the war.
106. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction
a. guaranteed that blacks would hold at least 10 percent of the seats in Congress.
b. offered amnesty and full restoration of property rights (except property in slaves) to white southerners who took an oath of
loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation.
c. was supported by most free blacks in New Orleans.
d. was supported by most Radical Republicans.
e. guaranteed that black southerners would have a role in shaping the post-slavery order.
107. The Wade-Davis Bill in 1864
a. received strong support from congressional Democrats but not from Republicans.
b. called for at least two-thirds of a southern state’s voters to take a loyalty oath.
c. showed Radical Republicans’ frustration with Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan.
d. was the model for Lincoln’s later Ten-Percent Plan.
e. failed to receive sufficient votes in the Senate and therefore died.
108. The Wade-Davis Bill
a. called for implementing Lincoln’s Ten–Percent Plan.
b. would establish the right to vote for black men.
c. would guarantee equality before the law for African-Americans.
d. was supported by Lincoln.
e. became law in 1863.
109. General Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea in order to
a. link up with Grant’s army.
b. engage Lee in battle.
c. demoralize the South’s civilian population.
d. secure Richmond for the Union.
e. free Union prisoners at Andersonville.
110. The Thirteenth Amendment
a. abolished slavery throughout the United States.
b. was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864.
c. set up a gradual plan of emancipation.
d. defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans.
e. specifically gave black men the right to vote.
111. Lincoln’s second inaugural address
a. blamed the South for the war.
b. described the Civil War as divine punishment.
c. blamed the North for the war.
d. proved to be his final speech.
e. called for black suffrage.
112. The Thirteenth Amendment
a. introduced the word “slavery” into the Constitution.
b. was ratified by the states in January 1865.
c. granted women the right to vote.
d. was opposed by the Radical Republicans.
e. abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, with no exceptions.
113. President Abraham Lincoln
a. lived to see the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
b. still opposed all voting rights for African-Americans at the time of his assassination.
c. was unwilling to change or expand his views on slavery and race over the course of his presidency.
d. called for, in his second inaugural address in March 1865, retribution against the South for its sins of slavery and war.
e. suggested, in his second inaugural address in March 1865, that the whole nation was complicit in the sin of slavery.
114. In his last speech, Lincoln said what regarding postwar policy?
a. Democracy demanded that African-Americans should play leading roles in southern politics.
b. Southern whites would never concede defeat, so Reconstruction must be mild.
c. He would defer to Radical Republicans in Congress.
d. There should be at least limited black suffrage.
e. Large southern planters should be made to pay dearly for having caused the war.
115. How was Ulysses Grant received in Europe during his tour in the 1870s?
a. He was regarded as a mediocre military leader.
b. He was praised as a “Hero of Freedom.”
c. He was heralded as greater than Lincoln.
d. He was criticized widely for his “war of attrition.”
e. He was booed by workers as a capitalist tool.
116. How did Frederick Douglass describe the abolition of slavery?
a. as the beginning of a new task for the nation
b. as the crowning achievement of his life
c. as an indication that white people were just and good-hearted
d. as confirmation that Lincoln was a savior to the nation
e. as a precursor to the establishment of separate states for freed slaves
117. Besides ending slavery, the Civil War had what result?
a. The government ignored the rights of African-Americans.
b. It increased the power of small landowning farmers and shopkeepers.
c. It shifted power from slave-owning planters to northern capitalists.
d. It greatly expanded the powers of the presidency.
e. It weakened the power of the federal government.
118. Colonel John Chivington is remembered for
a. becoming a martyr when tortured and killed by Sioux warriors.
b. leading the cavalry charge that turned back a Confederate assault at Shiloh.
c. his refusal to surrender his Confederate troops until weeks after Lee’s final surrender.
d. organizing a band of pro-Union Creek Indians who fought bravely at Vicksburg.
e. leading an attack that killed perhaps 150 Indian men, women, and children.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Ulysses S. Grant
___ 2. Jefferson Davis
___ 3. Thaddeus Stevens
___ 4. George McClellan
___ 5. Robert E. Lee
___ 6. Abraham Lincoln
___ 7. Elizabeth Van Lew
___ 8. John Frémont
___ 9. Laura Towne
___ 10. William T. Sherman
___ 11. Clara Barton
___ 12. Alexander Stephens
a. 1864 Democratic presidential candidate
b. challenged Lincoln for the 1864 Republican nomination
c. vice president of the Confederacy
d. American National Red Cross
e. southern spy for the Union
f. president of the Confederacy
g. Radical Republican from Pennsylvania
h. practiced a war of attrition
i. surrendered to General Grant
j. favored a Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction
k. teacher on the Sea Islands
l. marched through the South
TEST 2
___ 1. Navajo’s Long Walk
___ 2. Bull Run
___ 3. Copperheads
___ 4. King Cotton diplomacy
___ 5. Antietam
___ 6. Emancipation Proclamation
___ 7. contrabands
___ 8. Appomattox
___ 9. Pickett’s Charge
___ 10. Confederate capital
___ 11. Crittenden Compromise
___ 12. “Negro paradise”
a. escaped slaves
b. deadliest day in American history
c. Richmond
d. Union commitment to not interfere with slavery
e. surrender of the Confederacy
f. relied on British support
g. Gettysburg
h. another Trail of Tears
i. freed slaves
j. spectators came to watch
k. northern opponents of the war
l. established by Grant
True/False
1. The start of the Civil War inspired patriotic feelings in both the Union and the Confederacy.
2. Medical knowledge had made great strides in the first half of the nineteenth century; thus, few soldiers died from wounds,
infections, or diseases during the Civil War.
3. A day after a battle, many Americans were able to read about it in their daily newspaper.
4. The Union naval blockade was very effective early in the war.
5. Abraham Lincoln realized that his armies had to capture the Confederate capital, Richmond, in order to win the war.
6. Since Robert E. Lee’s army did not retreat, the North could not claim Antietam as a victory.
7. Lincoln’s primary purpose in raising troops in 1861 to put down the southern rebellion was to restore the Union.
8. In the early days of the war, northern military commanders returned fugitive slaves to their owners.
9. The Emancipation Proclamation represented a turning point in Lincoln’s own thinking.
10. Fewer than 50,000 blacks served in the Union army during the war.
11. Historians refer to the Civil War as the Second American Revolution because it resulted in the creation of a new Bill of Rights.
12. During the Civil War, the North and the South both presented their cause as a fight for “freedom” and “liberty.”
13. Black Union soldiers captured by the Confederates faced sale into slavery or immediate execution.
14. Both the Confederacy and the Union violated their citizens’ civil liberties during the war.
15. With the Union victory at Glorieta Pass, the Confederate attempt at extending slavery west of Texas ended.
16. During the Civil War, all Navajo men were forced to fight for the Union army.
17. During the Civil War, the types of work that were considered appropriate for women expanded.
18. Lincoln raised the money to pay for the war mostly through an income tax.
19. The provision of the Union draft law allowing individuals to provide a substitute or buy their way out of the army caused
widespread indignation.
20. The New York City draft riots, begun as an attempt to resist the draft, turned into an assault on the city’s black population.
21. “King Cotton diplomacy” was intended to promote economic self-sufficiency in the South and force England to intervene on the
side of the Confederacy.
22. Desertion was a major problem in the Union army, but occurred only occasionally in the Confederate army.
23. In a few instances, people loyal to the Union were executed as traitors in the Confederacy.
24. Remaining loyal to the Union was a dangerous stance in the Confederate South, as Georgia in 1861 passed a law making this act
punishable by death.
25. By the third year of the Civil War, the Union had achieved great victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
26. Major General George Pickett led a charge, aptly known as Pickett’s Charge, during the Second Battle at Bull Run.
27. George McClellan ran for president in 1864, pledging to end the Civil War.
28. The Sea Islands Experiment demonstrated how ex-slaves could be gainfully employed, educated, and well provided for.
29. In Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan, blacks played a prominent role in Reconstruction.
30. The Wade-Davis Bill was the Democrats’ proposed Reconstruction plan.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. King Cotton diplomacy
2. black soldiers
Essay
1. What did the Union soldiers believe they were fighting for? What did the Confederate soldiers believe they were fighting for?
2. What was the basic premise of the Confederate government? What advantages did the Confederacy have, and why did its leaders
think victory would be theirs?
3. Compare and contrast the leadership abilities of wartime presidents Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. How significant was
each man’s leadership to the course of the war?
4. How did the war affect the economies of the North and of the South?
5. What strategy did General Grant ultimately adopt to achieve victory for the Union, and why did he do so? Why was his strate-
gy criticized?
6. Describe the changes in Lincoln’s thinking that led to the Civil War being waged as a total war.
7. Using Lincoln’s speech at the Baltimore Sanitary Fair in 1864 (excerpted in Voices of Freedom), explain how Lincoln defined
liberty. How does this speech reflect a change in his thinking from 1861? Why do you think Lincoln had to change his thinking to
achieve victory in this war?
8. Blacks eagerly signed up for service in the army and navy after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. Describe the life of a
black soldier. How did it differ from the experiences of black sailors? Overall, how important were black servicemen in the out-
come of the war? Finally, discuss what fighting in the war meant to these men.
9. Frederick Douglass declared, “The work does not end with the abolition of slavery, but only begins.” In a thoughtful essay,
discuss what you foresee as the work that will need to be done to secure freedom and liberty for the ex–slaves. Is emancipation
enough? Why or why not?
10. Lincoln observed in 1864 that “we all declare for liberty but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing.” He con-
tinued to explain what the North meant and what the South meant, and how victory meant a national norm as defined by the
North. Illustrate how liberty would come to be understood for the nation after the Civil War and analyze whether the abol-
ishment of slavery was enough to propel the United States to finally exist as its founding documents suggested it should.
11. Discuss and compare the dress rehearsals for Reconstruction in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Mississippi from a civil rights and
economic perspective. Analyze Lincoln’s initial plans for restoring the Union.