a. They deserved to receive all the rights of American citizenship.
b. They should remain slaves or be freed and sent abroad.
c. They should be pushed west of the Mississippi River.
d. They should all be freed but remain as lower-class citizens.
e. They deserved reparation pay for the hardships they suffered.
71. The practice of giving a political office to someone based on party loyalty is called
a. a meritocracy.
b. the spoils system.
c. paternalism.
d. the party system.
e. nepotism.
72. Many of the members of Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet, as his group of close advisers was known, were
a. bankers.
b. newspaper editors.
c. women.
d. military officers.
e. Protestant ministers.
73. In the 1820s and 1830s, political party machines
a. did away with the spoils system.
b. were abolished by Andrew Jackson.
c. were always run by Whigs.
d. lacked power in cities.
e. provided benefits like jobs to loyal constituents.
74. Which characterizes newspapers during the Age of Jackson?
a. politically insignificant, containing mainly household tips and human-interest stories
b. partisan, presenting issues through the lens of their own parties’ platforms
c. localized, reporting mainly on events in their own specific locations
d. expensive, unaffordable for all but the wealthiest Americans
e. unreliable, publishing on irregular and unadvertised schedules
75. What was a general belief of the Democrats in the 1830s?
a. The federal government should be more powerful than state governments.
b. New corporate enterprises were suspicious.
c. Only government could protect against social inequality.
d. Government should exercise its power to try to improve private morality.
e. Restraining individual competition was a good thing.
76. In the Age of Jackson, Democrats typically believed that
a. economic inequality was good for the economy.
b. the government should stay out of economic affairs.
c. the government should fund road and canal construction.
d. the government should abolish slavery.
e. bankers, merchants, and speculators produced most of the nation’s wealth.
77. The claim that a “splendid” government was always “built upon the ruins of popular rights” is typical of which group in the
1830s?
a. Irish immigrants
b. the Democratic Party
c. the Whig Party
d. John Marshall’s Supreme Court
e. Evangelical Protestants
78. Which statement is a correct assessment of the Whigs?
a. The Whig leadership criticized the American System.
b. Their programs connected best with voters in isolated rural areas.
c. They hoped to derail the market economy.
d. They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of its people.
e. The Whigs believed that active state governments were essential to increasing freedom.
79. Which statement is true about the Whigs?
a. Whigs generally opposed the American System.
b. Whigs generally were poorer than Democrats.
c. No farmers supported the Whigs.
d. Whigs opposed slavery.
e. Whigs were strongest in the Northeast.
80. During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, what occurred in the financial realm?
a. The administration refused requests for federal expenditures for roads.
b. The tariff was raised.
c. The budget of the Second Bank of the United States increased by the end of his second term.
d. The national government debt was eliminated.
e. Democrats increased expenditures.
81. Which goal did Whigs consider an appropriate focus for the federal government?
a. protecting the individual’s right to “free agency”
b. returning power and responsibility to the states
c. making America into a “classless society”
d. promoting “the welfare of the people”
e. opposing attempts to impose morality through legislation
82. Which state referred to the Tariff of 1828 as an “abomination”?
a. Virginia
b. New York
c. North Carolina
d. Georgia
e. South Carolina
83. The nullification crisis
a. involved the fears of some slaveholders that the federal government might act against slavery.
b. was based on southern concerns that tariffs were preventing the South from industrializing as fast as the North.
c. largely concerned the opposition of southwestern planters to federally financed internal improvements.
d. brought Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun closer together politically.
e. attracted support from Whigs like Daniel Webster, who saw it as an opportunity to embarrass and annoy Jackson.
84. Who wrote Exposition and Protest and emerged by the early 1830s as the most prominent spokesman for the right of
nullification?
a. John C. Calhoun
b. Henry Clay
c. Andrew Jackson
d. John Quincy Adams
e. Daniel Webster
85. What was the significance of the controversy over Peggy Eaton?
a. Andrew Jackson felt that the stress it created led to his wife’s early death.
b. It marked a shifting role for women in the public sphere.
c. It solidified Martin Van Buren’s position as Jackson’s closest adviser.
d. It demonstrated that the public did not consider politicians’ private lives when deciding how to vote.
e. It became a rallying cry for the common man during Andrew Jackson’s 1828 campaign.
86. Who argued in a famous debate with South Carolina’s Robert Hayne that the people, not the states, created the Constitution?
a. John C. Calhoun
b. John Quincy Adams
c. Henry Clay
d. Daniel Webster
e. Martin Van Buren
87. In justifying nullification, Exposition and Protest drew on what precedent?
a. the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798
b. the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
c. the Articles of Confederation
d. the Alien and Sedition Acts
e. the Embargo Act
88. What issue was argued during the Webster-Hayne debate?
a. temperance legislation
b. the role of the federal government in funding infrastructure improvements
c. the role of Indians in the United States
d. the future of slavery in the western territories
e. a state’s right to nullify a federal law
89. The Force Act of 1833
a. created a standing federal army to deal with threats to national security.
b. provided for a police force for the District of Columbia.
c. was “nullified” by South Carolina.
d. became law at the insistence of nullification supporters.
e. was declared unconstitutional by Chief Justice Roger Taney in 1838.
90. What position did Andrew Jackson take during the nullification crisis?
a. States did not have the right to secede and threaten the rest of the union.
b. States were legally free to secede, as the United States was a free association.
c. Only the Supreme Court could determine if secession was constitutional.
d. States should have a legal right to veto federal laws they disagreed with.
e. Protective tariffs were not as important as national unity.
91. The nullification crisis ended
a. in the so-called Dorr War.
b. with North Carolina’s threat to secede in 1832.
c. with the Supreme Court’s opinion in Hamilton v. Jackson.
d. with a compromise tariff.
e. with Daniel Webster’s powerful pro-nullification speech to the Senate.
92. Which was the last tribe to put up resistance on the battlefield in the Old Northwest?
a. Sauk
b. Cherokee
c. Sioux
d. Choctaw
e. Seminole
93. Which statement is true about Indian removal in the 1820s and 1830s?
a. The increasing profitability of cotton motivated the United States to intensify efforts to seize Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw,
and Choctaw lands in order to expand cotton cultivation.
b. Two Supreme Court decisions in favor of Indian property rights led President Andrew Jackson to stop the removal.
c. President Andrew Jackson opposed the removal of the Cherokee, because they had assimilated into American society.
d. During the army’s forced removal of 18,000 members of the Cherokee tribe via the Trail of Tears, no one died.
e. The Trail of Tears stretched from Georgia to Florida.
94. Which tribes were targeted by the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
a. the Apache, Pueblo, and Navajo
b. the Lenape and Powhatan
c. the Iroquois Confederacy
d. the Five Civilized Tribes
e. the Sioux, Pawnee, and Comanche
95. In his Cherokee Nation v. Georgia opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that
a. Georgia had to respect Indian title to their lands.
b. Indians were wards of the federal government.
c. the Cherokee had to move to the Indian Territory.
d. President Jackson had full authority over Indian affairs.
e. Indians were U.S. citizens, with all attendant rights and responsibilities.
96. What was the role of the Supreme Court in the protection of Native American lands?
a. The Supreme Court prevented Native Americans from losing access to land in Georgia.
b. The Supreme Court believed the Native Americans deserved no protection.
c. The Supreme Court ruled that the Seminole War was illegal.
d. The Supreme Court was unable to enforce any form of protection.
e. The Supreme Court urged legislation to be passed that created reservations.
97. The U.S. Supreme Court’s 1832 Worcester v. Georgia decision
a. supported the right of the Cherokee people to maintain a separate political identity.
b. approved Georgia’s plans to confiscate Cherokee land and move the people to reservations.
c. struck down Georgia’s anti-tariff Nullification Ordinance.
d. was fully supported by President Andrew Jackson.
e. was strongly opposed by Whigs.
98. Which Indian nation fought a war with the U.S. Army from 1835 to 1842 to resist removal to the West?
a. Cherokee
b. Chickasaw
c. Creek
d. Seminole
e. Choctaw
99. Which statement is true about the Second Seminole War of 1835–1842?
a. The war took place in Georgia.
b. Seminoles and African-Americans fought together.
c. All Seminoles were ultimately ousted from Florida.
d. Osceola fought with Andrew Jackson against the Seminoles.
e. The Seminoles won the war.
100. What was the significance of the publication A Son of the Forest?
a. It was the first political biography designed to rally support for a presidential candidate.
b. It was responsible for creating Jackson’s image as a “common man.”
c. It was the first significant autobiography written by a Native American.
d. It was the first significant work of American environmental literature.
e. Its glorification of the West revived lagging sales of federal land.
101. By 1840, as a result of Indian removal,
a. Indians had become a familiar presence to whites who lived east of the Mississippi.
b. Indians disappeared from the trans-Mississippi West.
c. the institution of slavery contracted.
d. the racial definition of American nationhood and freedom was reinforced.
e. cotton cultivation in the Deep South declined.
102. Who was the president of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832?
a. Langdon Cheves
b. Paul Volcker
c. Henry Clay
d. Nicholas Biddle
e. Charles Winchester
103. What was the primary reason Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank of the United States?
a. He believed that the bank was a great equalizer, and therefore would anger his wealthy supporters.
b. The bank was firmly behind using gold and silver, but Jackson believed the economy needed paper money to survive.
c. He believed that no institution should possess such concentrated power and economic privilege, unaccountable to the people.
d. The bank disproportionally benefited small farmers and laborers, a social class Andrew Jackson despised.
e. The bank was pressuring him to run for another term in office, while Jackson wished to return to a simple life.
104. Which of the following represents Andrew Jackson’s position on the Second Bank of the United States?
a. It was dangerous to the nation because it refused to permit the issuance of enough paper money to meet national demand.
b. It was a necessary evil in order to maintain the stability of the economy.
c. It was ineffective because it had not been given adequate power over local and state banks.
d. It was an unacceptable concentration of power and economic privilege.
e. It was being poorly run by Nicholas Biddle and should instead be run by the president himself.
105. What is the significance of Andrew Jackson’s actions during the Bank War?
a. It marked the first time a president vetoed a bill passed by Congress.
b. His refusal to respect the wishes of Congress resulted in the first impeachment hearing in American history.
c. His strong stance cemented his reputation as the symbolic representative of the common people.
d. He established a precedent of the president providing strong leadership during times of economic crisis.
e. The economic panic that followed the Bank War resulted in Jackson losing his bid for a second term.
106. “Hard money” in the 1830s referred to
a. gold and silver, also called “specie.”
b. wages paid to manual laborers.
c. money backed by government guarantees.
d. any money issued by a bank.
e. highly inflated currency after the Panic of 1837.
107. What triggered the Panic of 1837?
a. the removal of Native Americans from the Southeast
b. Martin Van Buren’s victory in the election of 1836
c. the protective tariff
d. the Seminole War
e. Jackson’s war on the national bank
108. The Panic of 1837
a. inspired a more vigorous labor movement in the decade that followed.
b. led to a relatively mild economic downturn that resolved itself by 1839.
c. was exclusively the product of Andrew Jackson’s war on the national bank.
d. was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton.
e. helped farmers, because the cost of transporting goods to markets fell.
109. What was President Martin Van Buren’s new solution to the problem of what to do about the federal government’s relationship
to banking?
a. He called for federal money to be deposited in state-chartered banks known as “pets.”
b. He proposed the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank, with branches in key cities.
c. He created the Third Bank of the United States, but this time headed by a reliable Democrat.
d. He set up a program of federal insurance on individual bank accounts to protect them in times of panic.
e. He proposed that federal funds be controlled by government officials rather than by bankers.
110. In the presidential election of 1840
a. the Whigs employed political tactics pioneered by Democrats.
b. voter turnout dropped dramatically because no popular candidate like Jackson ran.
c. the Democrats nominated three regional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives.
d. the Democrats and Whigs both produced platforms that clearly laid out the parties’ positions on major public issues.
e. the Whigs again nominated Henry Clay.
111. Whose 1840 presidential campaign portrayed him as a common man who was born in a log cabin?
a. Andrew Jackson
b. William Henry Harrison
c. Martin Van Buren
d. John Quincy Adams
e. Henry Clay
112. In what way was the 1840 Whig campaign for president similar to recent presidential campaigns?
a. Both had an extremely high percentage of voters (80 percent) turning out to cast ballots.
b. Both had record numbers of African-Americans voting.
c. Both stressed that the presidential candidate can relate to the average citizen.
d. Both had two candidates with no platforms.
e. Both dealt with immigration issues.
113. Which is true of the presidency of William Henry Harrison?
a. He was accused by his critics of being a tyrant.
b. He was a strong supporter of the American System.
c. He died a month after taking office.
d. Many blamed him for the Panic of 1837.
e. His cool intellectualism was a sharp contrast to Andrew Jackson.
114. As president, John Tyler
a. worked hard to enact the Whig economic program.
b. proved so popular that he easily won the 1844 presidential election.
c. vetoed a bill to create a new national bank, thus angering Whigs.
d. engaged in a public feud with his vice president that led to the latter’s resignation.
e. appointed Roger Taney to the office of chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Matching
TEST 1
___ 1. Thomas Dorr
___ 2. Henry Clay
___ 3. John Calhoun
___ 4. Albert Gallatin
___ 5. James Tallmadge
___ 6. John Ross
___ 7. Daniel Webster
___ 8. John Quincy Adams
___ 9. Martin Van Buren
___ 10. Nicholas Biddle
___ 11. William Apess
___ 12. William Henry Harrison
a. his proposal sparked the Missouri controversy
b. Second Bank of the United States
c. A Son of the Forest
d. temporary Rhode Island governor
e. “log cabin” candidate
f. theorist behind nullification
g. advocated a powerful federal government as president
h. Jefferson’s treasury secretary
i. accused of making a “corrupt bargain”
j. founder of the Democratic Party
k. senator who denounced nullification as treasonous
l. Cherokee resistance leader
TEST 2
___ 1. Missouri Compromise
___ 2. “corrupt bargain”
___ 3. McCulloch v. Maryland
___ 4. minstrels
___ 5. Whig Party
___ 6. American System
___ 7. Monroe Doctrine
___ 8. nonfreeholder
___ 9. penny press
___ 10. spoils system
___ 11. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
___ 12. Trail of Tears
a. held that the Bank of the United States was constitutional
b. America’s diplomatic declaration of independence
c. opposed Andrew Jackson
d. election of 1824
e. performers in racist theatrical shows
f. inexpensive newspapers
g. getting a job based on party loyalty, not on merit
h. called Indians “wards” of the federal government
i. political program for economic development
j. men who did not own enough property to vote
k. Cherokee trek to Oklahoma
l. maintained the balance of power between slave and free states
True/False
1. Most states that entered the Union after the original thirteen required ownership of property to vote.
2. The French writer Alexis de Tocqueville identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom.
3. By the early nineteenth century, the term “citizen” had become synonymous with the right to vote.
4. Women enjoyed an expansion of democracy for themselves during the 1830s and 1840s, as they were welcomed into the public
sphere.
5. A law passed in 1819 made it illegal for states to have different voting requirements for blacks and whites.
6. The Twelfth Amendment provided the federal government with the legal authority to finance national roads and canals.
7. The Second Bank of the United States was a private, profit-making corporation.
8. In today’s United States, the Federal Reserve determines the amount of paper money to be issued.
9. Public support for the Bank of the United States increased significantly following its careful handling of the Panic of 1819.
10. The Missouri Compromise debate illustrated that northern politicians did not want slavery to expand for primarily moral reasons.
11. Some of the new Latin American nations allowed Indians and free blacks to vote.
12. The Monroe Doctrine was a formal statement of America’s belief that it had a “manifest destiny” to expand across the North
American continent.
13. Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal.
14. John C. Calhoun’s “corrupt bargain” gave John Quincy Adams the White House in 1824.
15. Martin Van Buren believed that party politics was an important component in ensuring liberty for the American people.
16. Andrew Jackson’s vision of democracy excluded blacks but included Indians.
17. Andrew Jackson was Harvard educated but was able to portray himself to the American people as a common man.
18. The party battles of the Jacksonian era reflected the clash between public and private definitions of American freedom and their
relationship to government power.
19. Whigs believed that the federal government was responsible for promoting the welfare of the people and securing liberty.
20. Supporters of nullification claimed that the federal government was overstepping its rights and infringing on states’ rights.
21. Daniel Webster insisted that the national government had been created by an agreement between sovereign states, each of which
retained the right to prevent the enforcement within its borders of acts of Congress that exceeded the powers specifically spelled
out in the document.
22. The Trail of Tears refers specifically to the removal of the Seminole Indians from Florida to present-day Oklahoma.
23. The Panic of 1837 led to a depression that lasted until 1843.
24. The Independent Treasury completely separated the federal government from the nation’s banking system.
25. John Tyler’s presidency proved very popular with Whigs.
Short Answer
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two.
1. growth of democracy
2. American System
3. Whig Party
Essay
1. A delegate to the 1837 Pennsylvania constitutional convention remarked that the political community was based on white persons.
In this age of expanding political participation, analyze how and why some segments of the population were able to achieve
greater liberties while others were excluded. What arguments did each group make for a greater political voice?
ry.
2. Describe John Quincy Adams’s dream for the United States when he was secretary of state and when he was president. What
role did he want the federal government to play? How did his vision for America expand liberties or freedom? How did it re-
strict liberties or freedom?
3. The admittance of Missouri to the Union sparked a national crisis. Describe the debates that led up to the final compromise.
How does the Missouri Compromise illustrate that sectional issues would surely arise again?
4. Andrew Jackson, one historian has written, was the “symbol for an age.” How might Jackson be considered symbolic of certain
ideas and trends in the early nineteenth century? Can you think of other appropriate symbolic figures for that period?
5. Explain how Democrats and Whigs viewed liberty and the role of government in securing liberty.
6. Analyze the arguments that were presented during the nullification crisis. Be sure to comment on how Daniel Webster and John C.
Calhoun interpreted the Constitution differently and how each defined the rights of states. Finally, speak to how the crisis illustrated
the growing sectional differences in America.
7. Thinking back to previous chapters, analyze America’s policies toward Indians from the Washington administration through the
removal of Indians from the southeastern states in the 1830s and early 1840s. What ideas and policies about Indians remained the
same? Which changed? Why?
8. Compare the economic policies of the American System with those of Alexander Hamilton. What was similar? What was differ-
ent? How do you think Hamilton would have rated presidents such as John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson?