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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. In the United States, the prototype of love focuses on passionate feelings over other qualities.
a. True
b. False
2. The self-serving bias is found in all cultures around the world.
a. True
b. False
3. Scripts are so useful in guiding us through many of our interactions that it is okay to accept them uncritically.
a. True
b. False
4. Most adults have the same level of cognitive complexity.
a. True
b. False
5. Koreans are more likely than Westerners to perceive the ages of people with whom they communicate, because age is
an important aspect of identity in Korean culture.
a. True
b. False
6. A personal construct is a “mental yardstick” we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of
judgment.
a. True
b. False
7. Recent research shows that we can override the tendency to be more attentive to noisy or novel stimuli.
a. True
b. False
8. Assertiveness and competitiveness are encouraged and considered good in the United States, so people in the United
States don’t perceive it as unusual for people to compete.
a. True
b. False
9. Since American culture emphasizes technology and speed, most Americans expect things to happen very quickly.
a. True
b. False
10. Physiology, culture and standpoint, social roles, cognitive abilities, and we ourselves affect what we perceive and how
we interpret others and experiences.
a. True
b. False
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11. Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts are cognitive schemata that we use to organize our
perceptions of people and phenomena.
a. True
b. False
12. Women and men tend to occupy different social locations in some senses, although they clearly share other social
locations.
a. True
b. False
13. We use stereotypes to make predictions about people and situations.
a. True
b. False
14. Our perceptions are always partial and subjective.
a. True
b. False
15. If a coworker tells you that your new boss is patient and hardworking, you will be more likely to overlook those
qualities in your new boss.
a. True
b. False
16. Perception is an active process.
a. True
b. False
17. Stereotypes are not based on our perceptions of groups or on social perspectives that we’ve internalized.
a. True
b. False
18. According to a study conducted by Bachen and Illouz (1996), most Americans’ prototype of enduring romance
reflects media emphasis on acquisition of material goods to support a leisure lifestyle.
a. True
b. False
19. In order to avoid the fundamental attribution error, it is best to look for possible external causes for another person’s
failures and possible internal causes for your own failures.
a. True
b. False
20. Thinking, “My roommate is generous with everyone right after she gets paid” is an example of an unstable and
specific attribution.
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a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
21. According to the process of human perception, the selection process includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. qualities of the phenomena.
b. self-indication.
c. culture.
d. attention to change.
e. rational judgment.
22. Assuming that we understand what another person thinks, feels or perceives is known as
a. mind reading.
b. cognitive complexity.
c. standpoint theory.
d. fundamental attribution error.
e. implicit error.
23. Which of the following is a script?
a. Your expectation of how a friend will behave
b. Your idea about how you should interact with a friend
c. The person who exemplifies a friend to you
d. How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent–unintelligent
e. The dictionary definition of friend
24. A point of view shaped by political awareness of the social location of a group to which one belongs is known as a(n)
a. implicit personality.
b. script.
c. role.
d. cognitive ability.
e. standpoint.
25. Mike was responsible for taking care of his two younger siblings while Mike was growing up. As an adult, he is more
nurturing and more attentive to others’ needs than most of his male peers. Mike’s greater care-giving inclination is best
explained by his
a. cognitive schemata.
b. standpoint.
c. selective perception.
d. prototypes.
e. abstraction.
26. Individuals who are more ________are better able to integrate new information about others and situations.
a. empathic
b. adept at mindreading
c. standpoint sympathetic
d. fundamentally attributive
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e. cognitively complex
27. Janet says, “I didn’t get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day; it had nothing to do with
my qualifications.” This is an example of
a. construct differentiation.
b. implicit personality theory.
c. self-serving bias.
d. internal attributions.
e. scripting.
28. Corey thinks that people who are outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun. Corey’s assumption that outgoing
people are also friendly, confident, and fun is an example of ________ at work.
a. a standpoint
b. a self-serving bias
c. a stereotype
d. an implicit personality theory
e. mind reading
29. Darryl thinks, “Marie was happy today because she’s a cheerful person.” Darryl’s thought is a(n)
a. stable and specific attribution.
b. stable and global attribution.
c. unstable and specific attribution.
d. unstable and global attribution.
e. global and specific attribution.
30. When Jorge does badly on a test or paper, he usually says either the professor was unfair or he had too much to do that
week and couldn’t study like he wanted to. But when his friends do badly on a test, he tends to think they’re not good in
that subject or they aren’t disciplined. This is an example of
a. prototype.
b. script.
c. personal construct.
d. stereotype.
e. fundamental attribution error.
31. Deciding what to pay attention to is part of the ________ process.
a. selection
b. organization
c. interpretation
d. attribution
e. construction
32. After performing a comprehensive job search, job seekers put together a resume, write a cover letter, and then go on
job interviews. This situation best exemplifies
a. prototypes.
b. scripts.
c. personal constructs.
d. stereotypes.
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e. attributions.
33. The tendency to overestimate the internal causes and underestimate the external causes of others’ undesirable
behaviors is part of
a. a prototype.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. a personal construct.
d. a stereotype.
e. the self-serving bias.
34. Charles says, “I would never join a fraternity. All fraternities do is party.” Charles’ statement is an example of a(n)
a. prototype.
b. script.
c. personal construct.
d. stereotype.
e. attribution.
35. Which of the following is a prototype?
a. Your expectation of how a friend will behave
b. Your idea about how you should interact with a friend
c. The person who exemplifies a friend to you
d. How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent–unintelligent
e. The dictionary definition of friend
36. All of the following are guidelines for improving perception and communication EXCEPT:
a. recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective.
b. avoid mind-reading.
c. check perceptions with others.
d. focus on inferences rather than facts.
e. guard against self-serving bias.
37. All of the following are part of the process of human perception EXCEPT:
a. selection.
b. organization
c. interpretation.
d. imagination.
e. attribution.
38. Which of the following is a personal construct?
a. Your expectation of how a friend will behave
b. Your idea about how you should interact with a friend
c. The person who exemplifies a friend to you
d. How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent–unintelligent
e. The dictionary definition of the word friend
39. Evaluating a person as kind or unkind, intelligent or unintelligent, etc., involves using
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a. prototypes.
b. scripts.
c. personal constructs.
d. stereotypes.
e. attributions.
40. My boss, Susan, is the best supervisor because she listens to her employees’ concerns and ideas. Susan is an example
of a(n)
a. prototype.
b. script.
c. personal construct.
d. stereotype.
e. attribution.
41. Using a specific example of a time when you misperceived a situation, name and explain how at least three of the
guidelines for improving perception and communication would have helped you perceive the situation more accurately.
42. Your book talks about a dozen states that have passed laws to establish standards for English for international teaching
assistants. Don Rubin did a study that looked into this matter. Discuss what he did and what he found.
43. Why is eyewitness testimony not always reliable?
44. Use the ladder of abstraction to explain how you perceived and acted in a particular situation. Make sure that you
include and label each level of the abstraction ladder in your example.
45. What is the process of human perception?
46. What are the dimensions of attributions?
47. Explain how the self influences our perceptions of others. Describe an example of when the self influenced your
perceptions of another and your communication with that person.
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Answer Key
1. False
2. False
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26. e
32. b
33. b
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