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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. Men and boys are more likely to use social media as a venue for self-development.
a. True
b. False
2. Self-disclosure necessarily involves risks, such as the risk that others will not accept what we reveal or that they might
use it against us.
a. True
b. False
3. All facets of our identities, such as race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic class, interact.
a. True
b. False
4. Today, as our society struggles with changes in women, men, and families, the ideals of manhood are being revised yet
again.
a. True
b. False
5. Researchers who have studied parents’ interactions with children conclude that fathers and mothers typically contribute
in unique and valuable ways to their children’s development and self-esteem.
a. True
b. False
6. Researchers found that people who are highly anxious about attachments are less likely to have relationship problems in
collectivist cultures.
a. True
b. False
7. Reflected appraisal and direct definitions are important in shaping our self-concept in childhood but do not affect us in
adulthood.
a. True
b. False
8. It is important to gain access to information in our blind and unknown areas. One way to do this is to expand our
experiences by entering unfamiliar situations, trying novel things, and experimenting with new kinds of communication.
a. True
b. False
9. Fearfully attached individuals tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships
than people with other attachment styles.
a. True
b. False
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10. Mothers are more likely than fathers to challenge children and encourage them to achieve more.
a. True
b. False
11. Most psychologists believe that the basic identify scripts for our lives are formed during our teenage years.
a. True
b. False
12. Efforts to change how we see ourselves work best when we reach beyond realistic goals.
a. True
b. False
13. Direct definitions, self-fulfilling prophecies, attachment styles, and identity scripts are all ways that the generalized
other influences our self-concept.
a. True
b. False
14. The self arises in communication and is a multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social
perspectives.
a. True
b. False
15. Teachers, peers, and family members may all be particular others.
a. True
b. False
16. Race is no longer a consequential aspect of identity in America today.
a. True
b. False
17. Research shows that 43% of teens experience online bullying.
a. True
b. False
18. “A good education is the key to success” is an example of an identity script.
a. True
b. False
19. While men and boys are criticized for breaking away from gender stereotypes, women and girls are usually praised for
being assertive and competitive.
a. True
b. False
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20. The most difficult and most important thing for developing and maintaining a healthy identity is to make a
commitment to personal growth.
a. True
b. False
21. Direct definitions are important because they boost rather than impair a child’s self-esteem.
a. True
b. False
22. The attachment style an infant develops can change over the course of life.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
23. The ________ area of the Johari Window consists of your untapped resources, your untried talents, and your reactions
to experiences you’ve never had.
a. blind
b. open
c. hidden
d. known
e. unknown
24. Girls and women are expected to be caring, whereas boys and men are expected to be:
a. independent.
b. supportive.
c. cooperative.
d. self-assertive.
e. both independent and self-assertive.
25. All of the following are guidelines for improving self-concept EXCEPT:
a. Make a firm commitment to personal growth.
b. Gain and use knowledge to support personal growth.
c. Set goals that are realistic and fair.
d. Seek contexts that support personal change.
e. Avoid self-disclosure.
26. Irene observes that on the most-recent test in her engineering class, only two students out of 60 earned higher scores
than she did. She concludes that she is smarter than most of the others in class, at least in the subject of engineering. This
is an example of a(n):
a. reflected appraisal.
b. direct definition.
c. identity script.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
e. social comparison.
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27. A key foundation for improving your self-concept is:
a. setting goals that are difficult to attain.
b. recognizing that the self is easy to transform.
c. keeping ideas about change vague and abstract.
d. knowing that you’re the best you can be.
e. accepting the self as in process and able to change.
28. Members of his project group at work consistently comment on Ervin’s excellent performance as team leader. Ervin
begins to view himself as an effective leader and considers moving into a higher level management position. The process
through which Ervin developed this sense of self at work is called:
a. reflected appraisal.
b. direct definition.
c. identity script.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
e. social comparison.
29. Individuals with ________ attachment styles tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with
relationships than people with other attachment styles.
a. fearful
b. anxious/ambivalent
c. secure
d. dismissive
e. unknown
30. Many scholars argue that race:
a. can be determined scientifically through DNA testing.
b. is a valid means of defining individual and group identities.
c. is a socially constructed category.
d. has little effect on identity today.
e. is easy to measure.
31. Who were the first to use the term white to describe a racial group in the area that is now the United States?
a. Europeans when they colonized the United States
b. Native Americans when they first encountered white people
c. slave owners in the eighteenth century
d. Africans in the eighteenth century when they were brought to the U.S.
e. historians writing in the nineteenth century
32. Psychologists define ________ as rules for living and identity.
a. attachment styles
b. identity scripts
c. reflected appraisals
d. social comparison
e. none of these
33. The perspectives of the ________ other reflect the views generally held by others in a society.
a. emotional
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b. generalized
c. moral
d. physical
e. social
34. Information that is known both to us and to others is found in which area of the Johari Window?
a. open
b. blind
c. hidden
d. known
e. unknown
35. In a study of both different- and same-sex couples, researchers found that couples in which both partners had
________ attachment styles had the most mutually constructive communication.
a. anxious/ambivalent
b. fearful
c. secure
d. none of these
e. all of these
36. All of the following are risks to self-disclosing communication EXCEPT:
a. others may reject us
b. others may think less of us
c. others may violate our confidences
d. others may increase closeness with us
e. none of these
37. “You are a very smart girl,” Tammy tells her daughter. Tammy’s statement is an example of a(n):
a. reflected appraisal.
b. direct definition.
c. identity script.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
e. social comparison.
38. Edmund is very attentive to and supportive of his son Mylan when he is sober, but when Edmund drinks he often
ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Mylan never knows which way his father will act. If the father is
Mylan’s primary care giver, Mylan is likely to develop which attachment style?
a. fearful
b. secure
c. anxious-ambivalent
d. dismissive
e. defensive
39. All of the following are panes of the Johari Window EXCEPT:
a. open
b. blind
c. hidden
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d. known
e. unknown
40. Attachment styles are:
a. ways we satisfy our needs for belonging.
b. where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins.
c. social standpoints such as race, class, and gender.
d. parenting patterns that teach us who we are and how to approach relationships.
e. communication styles we use in our relationships with others.
41. Jenna believes that she doesn’t have an aptitude for statistics, so doesn’t put much effort into her statistics class. She
performs poorly in the class, supporting her initial belief. This is an example of a(n):
a. reflected appraisal.
b. direct definition.
c. identity script.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
e. social comparison.
42. Stanton is giving a speech for the first time. He thinks he is doing well, but his audience can tell that he is very
insecure and nervous. The nervousness that he shows but is not aware of can be categorized into which part of the Johari
Window?
a. Open area
b. Blind area
c. Hidden area
d. Unknown area
e. Deceptive area
43. Information that we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most others is found in which area of the Johari
Window?
a. open
b. blind
c. hidden
d. known
e. unknown
44. The term ________, also called the looking-glass self, refers to our perception of another’s view of us.
a. reflected appraisal
b. direct definition
c. identity script
d. self-fulfilling prophecy
e. social comparison
45. The ________area of the Johari Window contains information that others know about us but we don’t know about
ourselves.
a. open
b. blind
c. hidden
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d. known
e. unknown
46. Nikki believes that she is lovable and that people are loving and can be trusted. Nikki has a(n) ____ attachment style.
a. secure
b. fearful
c. dismissive
d. anxious-ambivalent
e. none of these
47. Telling ourselves that we’re no good, we can’t do something, or there’s no point in trying to change is a hurtful form
of self-talk called:
a. self-sabotage.
b. identity scripting.
c. reflected appraisal.
d. self-disclosure.
e. social comparison.
48. Recall the story about Ramu (the wolf boy) that was discussed in Chapter 1. Was Ramu human or not? Explain your
answer in terms of how particular others and the generalized other affect human identity development.
49. Compare and contrast the four different areas of the Johari Window and illustrate each area with an example. In your
response, be sure to define each area.
50. What is the Self? How does culture affect the concept of when social identity begins?
51. Explain the concept of self-sabotage as a form of poisonous self-talk.
52. Discuss the influence of particular others and the generalized other in creating an individual’s sense of identity.
Incorporate concrete examples into your response.
53. Compare and contrast the four different styles of attachments and illustrate each style with an example. In your
response, be sure to define attachment styles and explain how they affect our lives as adults.
54. Discuss the role of parents in socializing children. Name three differences on how fathers and mothers differ in the
way they socialize with their children
55. Given what you know about the culture in which you grew up, speculate about what aspects of the generalized other
would be similar if you grew up in a different culture. What aspects of the generalized other do you think would be
different if you grew up in a different culture? Why? In defining the culture in which you grew up, consider the type of
family, region of the country, size of community, and religious affiliation as well as the race, class, gender, and sexual
preference/orientation mentioned in the text.
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Answer Key
1. False
2. True
3. True
9. True
10. False
11. False
17. True
18. True
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29. a
34. a
35. c
42. b
43. c
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