Chapter 3
Multiculturalism, Values, Social Justice, and Advocacy
Answer Keys
1. The term “culturally encapsulated counselor” refers to a counselor who:
a. counsels in a setting where the clients are not diverse.
b. defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions and fails to evaluate other
viewpoints, which renders the counselor insensitive to cultural variations.
c. understands that all counseling is cross-cultural.
d. considers evidence that challenges his or her assumptions.
e. has internalized some of society’s biases.
2. According to Ridley, examples of unintentional racism included all of the following EXCEPT:
a. avoiding the issue of cultural differences, by claiming to be color blind and treating all
people as if they were alike.
b. assuming that a client’s problems are due to the client’s cultural background.
c. interpreting a lack of trust in the counselor due to the fact that the counselor is of a
different race than the client.
d. facilitating co-dependency relationships with ethnic clients out of a need to be accepted.
e. misinterpreting a client’s culturally-learned patterns of communicating or behaving.
3. When counseling a client from a racial, ethnic, or cultural group different from the counselor’s, it
is important for the counselor to remember that:
a. basically, all people are alike although they may look different.
b. although certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, each individual is unique and may not
be like most others from his or her group.
c. since certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, the counselor should begin by assuming
that this particular person is like most others.
d. stereotyping is often useful in understanding differences.
e. the counselor should demonstrate that she or he understands the client, by using words or
phrases associated with the client’s racial, ethnic, or cultural group.
4. According to McIntosh, examples of White privilege include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. being able to watch television and see people of the White race widely represented.
b. seeing White people positively represented on television.
c. knowing that if legal or medical help is needed, race will not work against the White person.
d. growing up in a White middle or upper-class family environment.
e. not needing to teach White children about systemic racism for their own daily protection.
5. The most important resource for counselors to use in learning about different racial, ethnic, or
cultural groups is:
a. their clients.
b. their colleagues who are from racial, ethnic, or cultural groups different from their own.
c. professional associations that focus on multicultural counseling issues.
d. books on multicultural counseling.
e. professional journal articles on multicultural counseling.
6. Counselors who work with female clients should have an understanding of the high-prevalence
problems and issues experienced by women, including each of the following EXCEPT:
a. domestic violence.
b. tendency to be passive-aggressive.
c. sexual assault and harassment.
d. body image and objectification.
e. conflicts between work and family responsibilities.
7. Multicultural considerations were not given extensive attention in the ACA Code of Ethics
until:
a. the first version adopted in 1961.
b. the second version adopted in 1974.
c. the third version adopted in 1981.
d. the fourth version adopted in 1988.
e. the fifth version adopted in 1995.
8. When a counselor determines that a gay or lesbian client may have been illegally discriminated
against, the counselor should:
a. insist that the client seek immediate legal advice.
b. help the client determine whether or not to seek legal advice.
c. tell the client that he or she has been discriminated against and that the client should seek
to have the situation rectified.
d. offer to find out the legal ramifications of the situation and report them back to the client.
e. inform the client that he or she should seek legal advice from an attorney who advocates for
gay rights.
9. If a Southeast Asian client refuses to seek police assistance when he or she has been the victim of
a crime, the counselor should:
a. become an advocate and contact the police for the client.
b. insist that the client seek police assistance despite his or her reluctance.
c. explain to the client that police help people in the United States.
d. understand that the client may have negative feelings toward police because of police
oppression in his or her native country.
e. contact a family member and tell the family member that it is very important that the police
are notified of the crime so that others can be protected.
10. Because race, ethnicity, gender, and social class are salient cultural variables for all people,
a. individuals who are members of racial minority groups experience oppression related to all
of their cultural variables.
b. privilege is experienced only by White males.
c. social class is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege
or oppression.
d. race is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or
oppression.
e. individuals simultaneously experience both privilege and oppression.
11. Because most counselors come from a middle class background, they:
a. tend to be aware of their class biases.
b. realize that some clients do not speak English well because of limited education or
immigrant status.
c. find it difficult to hear class conditioning when listening to some clients’ stories.
d. should emphasize the importance of education when counseling clients from low socio–
economic backgrounds.
e. should focus on personal relationships and rapport building when counseling low SES
clients.
12. To be effective when counseling clients with physical disabilities, counselors should:
a. focus on the clients’ adjustment to disability.
b. take a more directive, behavioral approach in working with the clients.
c. refer these clients to a rehabilitation counselor.
d. focus on the clients’ abilities rather than limitations.
e. assume that the clients’ presenting problems are related to their disability.
13. A new and notable development in the 21st century has been:
a. a growing awareness of multicultural differences.
b. the development of multicultural competences for the counseling profession.
c. attention to cultural differences in counselors’ codes of ethics
d. a focus on cultural bias in assessment
e. an emphasis on social justice and advocacy
14. As advocates, counselors are aware that:
a. clients’ mental health is affected by their experiences of discrimination and marginalization.
b. race transcends other cultural dimensions such as class and gender.
c. a working-class bias is prevalent in counselor training.
d. because most master’s-level counselors are female, they are able to counsel other females
more effectively than male counselors.
e. gay and lesbian clients are less likely to seek counseling than heterosexual clients.
15. Cultural competencies in working with LGBTQIQ clients include:
a. realizing that sexual orientation is likely to be the focus of counseling.
b. understanding that some clients will need to be referred for conversion therapy.
c. having a comfort and familiarity with LGBTQIQ sexuality and how it is expressed.
d. understanding the dichotomous nature of sexuality.
e. understanding that LGBTQIQ individuals no longer experience a significant degree of societal
stigmatization.
Answer Keys