978-0134760797 Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

In the Beginning: Communication Development from Birth to 2 Years

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A 14-month-old child is on a walk with his grandpa and sees a hot air balloon nearby. He points excitedly at it as

if to show his grandpa, who is also looking at it. This is an example of:

a. Substantive behavior

b. Relational behavior

c. Protodeclarative

d. Protoimperative

e. Representational gesture

2. __________________________________________ were originally named by Dore in reference to the single–

word stage, but the term could refer to a word, a change in prosody or a gesture.

a. Prototypes

b. Vocables

c. Illocutionary acts

d. Primitive speech acts

e. Presuppositions

3. Baby Callum says, “bird go,” to which his aunt replies, “yes, the bird is flying!” His aunt’s response is an

example of a/an:

a. Code mixing

b. Expansion

c. Joint reference

d. Extension

e. Contingent responding

4. The fact that no English words start with “rl” is an example of _______________________________________,

which dictate the permissible arrangements of sounds in a given language.

a. Phonotactic rules

b. Semantic features

c. Fast mapping

d. Syntactic features

e. Phonological representation

5. There is not complete agreement among language experts about how children attach meanings to words, and the

following is/are views on the semantics of word learning:

a. Functional core hypothesis

b. Prototype hypothesis

c. Semantic feature hypothesis

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

6. Early words of English-speaking children are predominantly _________________________________________.

a. Verbs

b. Nouns

c. Adjectives

d. Relational

e. Modifiers

7. We know that the typically developing child begins to put two words together between the ages of

____________ months.

a. 12-22 months

b. 22-26 months

c. 14-19 months

d. 24–30 months

e. 18-24 months

8. A __________________________________________ is an assumption the speaker makes concerning what the

listener knows about the subject of the conversation.

a. Morpheme

b. Protodeclarative

c. Performative

d. Protoimperative

e. Presupposition

9. The following are typically seen in infants 1-4 months old: circle all that apply

a. Jargon babbling

b. Cooing

c. Transitional babbling

d. Differentiated crying

e. Laughing

10. Emily is driving to the grocery store with her mom. When they pass a semi-truck on the road, Emily says,

“Truck go!” Her mom replies, “Yes, the truck is going!” which is an example of:

a. Expansion

b. Fast mapping

c. Primitive speech acts

d. Extension

e. A and C

11. The caregiver’s interest in the infant’s communicative abilities and the infant’s corresponding interaction are the

two essential components of preverbal behavior. These account for ___________________________________.

a. Joint reference

b. Contingent responding

c. Rich interpretation

d. Halliday’s communicative functions

e. Joint attention

12. Baby PJ is 3 months old and during play with his sister, is happily vocalizing with “eeeeooooohhhh” and

“aahhhheeeoooo.” This type of communication could be classified as what?

a. Marginal babbling

b. Cooing

c. Vocables

d. Vegetative sounds

e. Variegated babbling

13. The locutionary stage occurs during what ages?

a. 0-8 months

b. 4-8 months

c. 8-12 months

d. 12-18 months

e. 12+ months

14. Irene has 2 dogs at home and one of her first words is “doggie.” When passing a field of horses one day, she

excitedly points out the window and yells “doggie!” in reference to the horses. Irene is exhibiting what?

a. Representational gestures

b. Underextension

c. Syntactic features

d. Overextension

e. Protowords

15. It has been established that a child’s language competence is correlated with the speech and language stimulation

he receives from his caregivers. However, what appears to be most critical is ____________________________.

a. The quantity of speech to which the child is exposed

b. The amount of speech directed to the child

c. The volume that caregivers use when talking to the child

d. The time of day caregivers talk to the child

e. The length of utterance a caregiver uses when talking to the child

Short Answer & Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

1. __________________________________________ is a process whereby children hear and understand words in

the absence of direct teaching and is associated with the large vocabulary spurt that children achieve at about two

years of age.

2. Many researchers believe that the unique signature tunes of __________________________________________

may be used to facilitate infants’ processing of speech and to scaffold early learning.

3. __________________________________________ provide a way to assess the emergence of intentionality in

infants.

4. __________________________________________’s stages of syntactic development are widely used by

language experts to describe the development of grammar.

5. A child saying, “deedubadi” is an example of __________________________________________ babbling.

Essay Questions

1. Songs, rhymes, stories and television were all discussed in your textbook in regard to the way their use may or

may not contribute to a child’s language development. Select two of these items and discuss whether they should

or should not be used to support language development in children 24 months old or younger, and why or why

not.

2. Discuss the types of factors associated with poverty. Why are children who are raised in impoverished

circumstances at risk for language and learning difficulties?

3. Madilyn and Matilda are identical twins that were separated at birth and raised by two different families in the

United States. The families are unrelated and never encounter each other. Read the descriptions of Madilyn and

Matilda’s family situations below then compare and contrast their SES, factors related to SES and different

forms of capital. Be sure to relate how these factors could positively or negatively affect the language and

literacy learning of the two girls.

• Madilyn’s family unit consists of 1 other sibling and 2 parents, one of whom has a bachelor’s degree

and works as a financial planner, and the other who has a master’s degree and works as a nurse

anesthetist. Their income places them in the middle class, they live a comfortable lifestyle and they

have financial support from their extended family if needed. They own their own home in the suburbs.

Madilyn’s parents are involved in the community and PTA, and have many connections in their

community.

• Matilda’s family unit consists of 3 siblings, a single mother and their grandmother who also lives in the

home. Matilda’s mother works as a cashier in a gas station during the day and waits tables in the

evening. She did not graduate high school and no one in her family has a college degree. She is

frequently stressed out about how she is going to pay their bills every month and doesn’t feel she has

anyone to call for financial help if needed. They live in an overcrowded apartment building in the city

in a neighborhood their grandmother describes as “unsafe.” Matilda’s mom would like to be involved in

the PTA and community organizations, but doesn’t have the time.

4. The following is a language sample from a 24-month-old girl as she converses with an adult (adult’s portion of

conversation not shown). Determine the MLU, list all free and bound morphemes and state which stage of

syntactic development this child is in. From this very limited language sample, are you concerned about this

child’s language development for any reason or do you feel like her expressive language is developing typically?

Justify your answer.

C: yeah

C: comb

C: no comb

C: look

C: look at that

C: ok baby

C: where’s baby

C: what’s that

C: head

C: your head

C: baby all ready

C: shoes

C: no

C: good mommy

C: good

C: yeah

C: baby walking

C: baby go right here

C: baby too little

C: mom

In the Beginning: Communication Development from Birth to 2 Years

TEST BANK ANSWERS